Heydar Aliyev, who did invaluable services in the protection of our historical, national and moral values, has always taken special care of our material and spiritual culture and tried to protect it. The monuments erected in honor of our historical figures, the protection of our historical and cultural monuments and the celebration of the anniversaries of well-known personalities at the international level, the issuance of decrees on deportations and genocides are connected with the name of the great (...) leader Heydar Aliyev. The personality of Heydar Aliyev tried to declare to the whole world that the Azerbaijani people are a people with an ancient culture, both during the Soviet era and during the period of independence. He tried to prove this by preserving the historical and religious monuments that existed in Azerbaijan in the middle ages and passing them on to the next generations. It included medieval sources and our historical figures who lived in this period too. (shrink)

The great leader Heydar Aliyev at both stages of his political leadership through his titanic activity proved that he is the patron of science and education in Azerbaijan. Independent Azerbaijan and its achievements in the field of science and education are the crowning achievement of the great leader. Heydar Aliyev, whose life and work are an example for history and for the people, always paid special attention to the development of science and (...) education and took care of these areas as a priority policy of the state. Although science and education are two independent fields of development, it is impossible to isolate one from the other, and from this point of view, the problems of science and education should be approached comprehensively - as both areas are part of the overall state policy and are of a strategic nature, their integration is inevitable. The national leader repeatedly emphasized that the future of each nation depends on the development of its science and education, and also considered the development of science and education one of the important conditions for the development of an independent state. Against the background of the integration of independent Azerbaijan into the world community, the need to integrate Azerbaijani science and education into world science and education was one of the main priorities in the activities of the world famous politician. To destroy a nation, it is enough to destroy its science and education - in this context, Heydar Aliyev saved the Azerbaijani people from destruction - he repeatedly mentioned that any progress depends on the development of science and education. Having chosen the path of integration into secular education, Azerbaijan paid special attention to this strategic area as one of the important factors of national security after the restoration of independence. (shrink)

The article is dedicated to the political activity of the Great Leader in the process of national state building. Heydar Aliyev, who holds an important place in our modern history as a symbol of our independence, is an example for every Azerbaijani with his rich and diverse heritage. The evolution of national consciousness accelerated with Heydar Aliyev's coming to power, and thanks to him, our independence became eternal and irreversible. The concept of successful and (...) strong state building strengthened the independence of Azerbaijan. Universal essence and the totality of the historically formed system of values, forming the basis of statehood, were intended for great prospects. On September 20, 1994, oil contracts were signed, which was a turning point in the latest history of Azerbaijan. The contract of the century was realized precisely as a result of Heydar Aliyev's visionary policy. This Agreement, called the "Contract of the Century", created a reliable foundation for the future development and security of our country, and strengthened Azerbaijan's position on the world map. Today, Azerbaijan has gained the image of the most reliable partner of the world states. It is shown in the article that after gaining independence, the people of Azerbaijan achieved important historical achievements thanks to the foresight, determination, iron will, and rich statecraft experience of their wise leader, and the integration of our country into the world was ensured. As a result of the intense activity of Heydar Aliyev, great successes were achieved in the economy, industry and agriculture, social, cultural, sports and educational fields, numerous industrial enterprises, cultural and educational institutions, medical institutions were built, new housing estates were built, roads were built, gas was supplied to remote regions. lines were drawn. More than one million refugees displaced from Western Azerbaijan and Karabakh due to the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict were temporarily provided with the necessary conditions. A new stage in the construction of the army has begun. In the article, the author talked about Heydar Aliyev's concept of advanced statehood, where the principles of nationalism, patriotism, giving importance to national-moral values prevailed and were determined as the main criteria in the history of our statehood. Establishing a multicultural society as one of the fundamental principles of a democratic legal state and, at the same time, ensuring the return to national identity is one of the main attributes of our state policy. As a result of the successful policy conducted in this direction, taking possession of our material and moral heritage, preserving it and passing it on to future generations is the main essence of our national ideology. Azerbaijanism, which became a national ideology, had more political and civic meaning than ethnic essence. This, in turn, ensured the unity of the state and the people. The people united around a single ideology and restored their national statehood, once again proving their national identity and existence. One of the important issues highlighted in the article is the comprehensive development strategy defined by the national leader Heydar Aliyev, which was successfully implemented in the last period under the leadership of the head of state, Mr. Ilham Aliyev, and the achievements in ensuring the sustainable development of our country and achieving the main goals and objectives. The basis of the current brilliant and magnificent achievements of our state is the successful policy implemented under the leadership of President Ilham Aliyev in accordance with national interests and modern global challenges. Azerbaijan is known in the world as a strong, influential state, an island of stability and a country with dynamic development, the great achievements made open new perspectives for our country. Having a strong international reputation and a positive image, Azerbaijan presented the world with examples of an effective economic development model, a model of multiculturalism that includes national and universal values, and the Azerbaijani model of national statehood. According to the decree of President Ilham Aliyev dated September 29, 2022, 2023 was declared the "Year of Heydar Aliyev" in the Republic of Azerbaijan. (shrink)

Today, the whole world is experiencing a return to religion and giving great importance to religious values. In our time, the role of religions has gained a great influence again, a number of serious scientific researches have been conducted in this field, scientific information and teaching-learning activities have increased, and the interest of intellectuals in the subject has increased. Because religion is also a system that guides people as a moral institution. During our independence, "missionaries" from foreign countries, (...) especially from the West and East, were more active. Their attempts to create discord between Muslims and non-Muslims, Sunnis and Shiites within our country were stronger and more insidious. It was our national leader Heydar Aliyev who took a decisive step against those who came to our country from the West and the East and wanted to create trouble here. With his special decree dated January 8, 1997, he prohibited the disruptive activities of foreign religious missionaries in Azerbaijan. With this, the genius leader laid the foundation for the formation of religious beliefs in our modern world and indicated its direction. Our national leader Heydar Aliyev, who understands the essence of religion to all its subtleties, assessed the effective use of its spiritual and emotional influence as one of the fundamental principles of the Azerbaijani ideology. Our national leader highly appreciated the importance of Islamic moral norms in the national-moral mentality and worked effectively in the direction of their development and dissemination. Therefore, we can say that the political activity of our Great Leader in the direction of maintaining national and moral values is always relevant, and this policy is one of the most important tasks of Azerbaijan's statehood. Today, the state of Azerbaijan has become the guarantor of our national and moral values. Mr. President pays serious attention to the promotion of the national and moral values of our people and the upbringing of our youth in this spirit. President Ilham Aliyev's views on national ideology embody the main features of his political portrait. Our people also appreciate the extensive activities of the Foundation named after our national leader Heydar Aliyev in the direction of protecting and promoting our national and moral values. (shrink)

The article examines the modern history of Azerbaijan with reference to the spoils literature of the second Karabakh war, and presents ideas about the discovery and dissemination of truths. This study focuses on the activities of the great leader, national leader Heydar Aliyev both in the Soviet period and in the period of independence, highlights the main points highlighted in the wars spoils, and also exposes the erroneous and biased conclusions of enemy propaganda.

In the article, the role and place of the genius in the history of Azerbaijan was studied in order to present the political portraits of Heydar Aliyev, the national leader of the Azerbaijani people. Based on concrete facts, the author shows the greatness and service of Heydar Aliyev, the national leader of the Azerbaijani people in the creation and development of sovereign Azerbaijan, and the role of Heydar Aliyev's political successor, Ilham (...) class='Hi'>Aliyev, in the liberation of Karabakh from the 30-year Armenian occupation. I. Aliyev returned not only Shusha and Karabakh to the Azerbaijani people, but also Azerbaijan to the Azerbaijanis- the victorious Azerbaijan. (shrink)

As a historical figure, Heydar Aliyev is the political founder of Azerbaijani multiculturalism. After the fall of the Soviet empire in Azerbaijan, which regained its independence, successful decisions were made in relations between the state and religion. At that time, in matters of freedom of religion and conscience, not only representatives of the Islamic religion were taken into account, but also the rights of ethnic peoples historically living in Azerbaijan with different systems of religious beliefs. The special state (...) policy established by the great leader in order to continue to live in peace, security and understanding, as always, in the ancient lands of Azerbaijan, inhabited by various religious denominations, continues to bear fruit today. (shrink)

In the article is dealt with the attention and care of the National Leader of the Azerbaijani people Heydar Aliyev to the cultural heritage, the creation of archaeological monuments and reserves, reflecting the ancient mysteries of history and the policy of museum work. It is noted that Heydar Aliyev played a great role in the comprehensive study of the historical and cultural monuments of Azerbaijan and in conveying its rich cultural and spiritual heritage to (...) the world. This activity of Heydar Aliyev was an example for the future spiritual and political life of the republic and was of great importance in terms of his attitude to cultural heritage. Heydar Aliyev's unparalleled services for the preservation of history have become glorious annals of our modern history, and this work has been successfully passed on to his political successors. (shrink)

The ideas of prominent statesmen and politicians who served to preserve and transmit the traditions of statehood to future generations are always relevant. The ideas of Heydar Aliyev, who occupied an invaluable place in the history of the construction and national development of the Republic of Azerbaijan, who was awarded the high title of national leader by the people, put forward new calls for peace and cooperation in the post-conflict period. The 30-year period that has passed since (...) the restoration of state independence has once again confirmed that the brilliant victory of the Azerbaijani Army in the 44-day Patriotic War is based on the ideas and political ideology of Heydar Aliyev. In the more than two years that have passed since the war, the Republic of Azerbaijan has strengthened its policy at the regional and international levels, and has somewhat increased its socio-economic potential in security conditions. The policy pursued by President Ilham Aliyev, who is currently contributing to the sustainable development of the Azerbaijani state, aimed at protecting the national interests of the Republic as the victorious Supreme Commander, attracts the attention of international organizations and states interested in recognizing the country and cooperating with it. It is the post-conflict period of the country's leadership by President Ilham Aliyev, who, adhering to the ideas of the statehood of Heydar Aliyev, with great pride and honor represents Azerbaijan in the international arena, can be considered an era of revival, logical sequence of ideas and wise policy of the national leader. The achievement of cooperation and development on such a delicate topic as migration, as in all spheres of life in the republic, manifests itself in a short period of time after the war and requires a scientific and theoretical approach to research. The ideas of Heydar Aliyev played an exceptional role in preventing acute emigration, especially intellectual, observed in Azerbaijan in the 1990s. During the reign of Heydar Aliyev, the legal framework of migration legislation was formed in the republic and new documents were consistently signed, as a result of which an independent migration policy of the independent state emerged. The ideas of Heydar Aliyev, which since 1993 formed the basis for the gradual liberation of the country from the socio-economic blockade and attracting international investments to the republic, as well as the reconstruction of industrial enterprises, the launch of factories and plants, the creation of new jobs, progressive steps in education and science, gave rise to national development. In the academic research work, the state programs implemented in the post-conflict period of Heydar Aliyev's ideas, the significant impact of giant projects on labor migration, the positive dynamics observed in the field of migration management in the country were studied, the relevance of the topic was brought to attention, the factual materials used were analyzed and the scientific results obtained were listed. (shrink)

The article provides information about the coins minted on the occasion of the memory of Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev, the national leader of the Azerbaijani people, world-famous personality. Since 2004, such coins of different denominations, produced in Great Britain and Austria mints, are engraved with attributes of statehood (map, flag, coat of arms) and the image of a genius. Such numismatic facts minted from precious metals in honor of the anniversaries of a prominent statesman, keeping his (...) memory alive, are a legal means of payment in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but they are also used as gifts. Such national coins, minted according to high international standards, are also aesthetic relics that remind the activity of an unforgettable personality. (shrink)

The national and spiritual values of the Azerbaijani people (language, religion, customs and rituals) emerged and formed over the centuries in the course of historical development, as well as the geopolitical location of the country, while being preserved in social, historical, cultural and family traditions, being passed down from generation to generation. It should be emphasized that during the Soviet period, the situation in the economy, industry, culture and education was very clear. As for the preservation and protection of national (...) and spiritual values, due to the fact that this direction for the Soviet system had an ideological essence, to make the slightest progress was extremely difficult and fraught with various kinds of dangers. During this period, the Soviet ideologists defined social property, justice and collectivism as the main moral values, and the protection of national and spiritual values of the peoples living in the territory of the former USSR, especially Muslims living not only in Azerbaijan, was politicized and presented as a value contrary to the Soviet ideology. The article deals with the first period of the leadership of Azerbaijan by national leader Heydar Aliyev (1969-1982). The author characterizes this period of dominance of Soviet ideology in the public consciousness as difficult and contradictory. It is noted the undeniable role and efforts of Heydar Aliyev, who, despite all the difficulties and obstacles in the struggle to preserve the identity of the Azerbaijani people, to preserve the native language, customs and rituals, national holidays, which are the main components of national and moral values, to increase the national spirit, national and spiritual consciousness, culture, for the return of the people its historical memory. He has done a considerable amount of work to overcome various other kinks. The philosophical analysis of the language policy of the Soviet regime is also attracted to the study. (shrink)

The sphere of manifestation of philosophy is thinking. Thinking itself appears and is reflected in different forms, which contributes to a different perception of philosophy. The study and teaching of philosophy as a science is its main direction, an important condition for which is the disclosure of truth. Throughout history, this process manifested itself first as a manifestation of philosophy in theology, and then as its reflection in poetry. "Philosophy of Azerbaijani Studies" by Heydar Aliyev is a discourse (...) aimed at the formation and development of society. In other words, the national leader directed philosophy to its practical implementation in statehood and human life. According to our conclusions, Heydar Aliyev's "philosophy of Azerbaijani studies" was not only an intention, but also a means. The basis of this philosophy was laid in advance, but its full formation took place during the period of independence of Azerbaijan. The main tasks in this situation were self-consciousness, self-return and self-expression. The basis of the essence of the “philosophy of Azerbaijani studies” is, regardless of the affiliation and dissent of the people, to preserve and maintain the main traditions and cultural heritage. It is precisely such efforts that ensure the ideological security of society and actually prevent the creation of problems and barriers that block its development. Heydar Aliyev combined various understandings of globalization, multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism in a single understanding and reunited them in a common philosophy, which was called the “philosophy of Azerbaijani studies”. In his reports and speeches, explaining the essence of the "philosophy of Azerbaijani studies", he referred to a single whole of different cultures and noted the importance of solitude. The strategic plan and the main elements of the “philosophy of Azerbaijani studies” are the development of the Azerbaijani language, religion and culture, as well as the preservation of national and spiritual values and traditions. In the article, all these concepts are explained with illustrative examples. In integrity, Heydar Aliyev's "philosophy of Azerbaijani studies" serves to unite, preserve, develop the tradition of independence and create a legal-social state. (shrink)

After regaining its independence on October 18, 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan had a historic opportunity to develop and strengthen its statehood. In such circumstances, the formation and implementation of a new foreign policy course in accordance with the principles of national statehood was the most important issue. Armenian separatism, which started in Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia's groundless territorial claims against Azerbaijan, as well as the expansion of military aggression, not only faced our country with serious political and economic problems, but (...) also brought to the fore the fulfillment of important tasks in the foreign policy of our state. Preventing Armenia's military aggression against our country, eliminating its severe consequences, ensuring the territorial integrity and security of our state, and the need to be politically and economically integrated into the world required a thoughtful, consistent and active foreign policy. In the second half of 1993, the national leader Heydar Aliyev's return to power created conditions for establishing the ideas of independent statehood in Azerbaijan. After that, practical changes were made in the course of Azerbaijan's foreign policy, taking into account the current realities and aimed at protecting the national interests of our country. Our foreign policy implemented since this period is related to the name and activities of the National Leader. The article talks about Heydar Aliyev's activities in the establishment of diplomatic relations with Middle Eastern countries, Muslim and Arab countries during the second years of his power. (shrink)

A person should establish a connection between both his material and spiritual worlds and maintain this harmony by establishing harmony between these two worlds. In this sense, a person must have a philosophy of spirituality. Because moral values stand like a beacon above the ideas and thoughts that extend from the individual to the society, from the state to history, from economic order to art and religion. The values and norms that people have to obey in the establishment of social (...) relations constitute the moral philosophy of a person in public life. The source that satisfies this need for a modern human model or personality is the history, literature, cultural and religious tradition of the society in which a person lives. As the famous historical scholar Bernard Lewis said: "In human history, political ideologies such as socialism and capitalism have not offered anything to man in the desired form, so the man of the 21st century will look for his happiness in his historical roots". It is for this reason that in the Turkish world in recent times, "the need for our people to turn to the history of philosophical thought in order to review the traditional sources of spirituality with the possibilities of modern times" has been voiced as the main principle. Nurettin Topcu, a philosopher who considers spirituality and morality to be one of the elements of the state, says: “Morality and spirituality take their source from religion. Therefore, morality is the basis and direct essence of the Islamic religion. Those who want to separate morality from religion or religion from morality are those who want to see the inner world of a person separate from himself”. We can easily say that this philosophical approach was accepted by the national leader Heydar Aliyev as the main criterion for the formation of the Azerbaijani people as a nation in the 21st century. He was saying: "We will never depart from our faith and religion and we will build our future using these spiritual resources!" As a leader with one or another slogan, he emphasized that our history of philosophical thought is rich in every platform and that it is easy to achieve and implement it in the context of modern possibilities. The article reflects the philosophy of spirituality in general and the context of Heydar Aliyev. (shrink)

Ideas and values are important concepts in terms of both individual and social existence. It is no coincidence that these concepts have become the object of wide discussion in philosophy throughout history. Continuation of the moral and political existence of the societies is possible by analyzing the ideas and values specific to the societies. This point increases the importance and relevance of the study "The idea of social solidarity and the importance of religious and moral values: Philosophical-ethical analysis at the (...) level of Heydar Aliyev's state policy". The purpose of the research is to justify the importance of the idea of social solidarity and religious and moral values from the aspect of Heydar Aliyev's political strategy on a philosophical and ethical basis. The method of the research is to reanalyze the terms and concepts related to the topic based on the evaluation and results of the previous research works. One of the main theses of the article is that Heydar Aliyev attached great importance to the attachment to our national and moral roots, loyalty to national traditions, which is the moral basis of our independent statehood. In this sense, the ideology of Azerbaijaniism implies the inseparable unity of nationality and universality. Such an ideology can prevent the erosion of national characteristics based on national and moral values in the process of globalization by exposure to foreign influences, and reduce the risk of melting and disappearing. (shrink)

Revision and updating of ''The story of religion'' in the light of recent discovery and research including the Qumran Scrolls.

Although leader role expectations appear to have become relatively more compatible with stereotypically feminine attributes like empathy, women continue to be highly underrepresented in leadership roles. We posit that one reason for this disparity is that, whereas stereotypically feminine traits are appreciated as nice “add-ons” for leaders, it is stereotypically masculine attributes that are valued as the defining qualities of the leader role, especially by men (who are often the gatekeepers to these roles). We assessed men’s and women’s (...) idea of a great leader with a focus on gendered attributes in two studies using different methodologies. In Study 1, we employed a novel paradigm in which participants were asked to design their “ideal leader” to examine the potential trade-off between leadership characteristics that were more stereotypically masculine (i.e., agency) and feminine (i.e., communality). Results showed that communality was valued in leaders only after meeting the more stereotypically masculine requirements of the role (i.e., competence and assertiveness), and that men in particular preferred leaders who were more competent (vs. communal), whereas women desired leaders who kept negative stereotypically masculine traits in check (e.g., arrogance). In Study 2, we conducted an experiment to examine men’s and women’s beliefs about the traits that would be important to help them personally succeed in a randomly assigned leader (vs. assistant) role, allowing us to draw a causal link between roles and trait importance. We found that both men and women viewed agentic traits as more important than communal traits to be a successful leader. Together, both studies make a valuable contribution to the social psychological literature on gender stereotyping and bias against female leaders and may illuminate the continued scarcity of women at the very top of organizations, broadly construed. (shrink)

Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium is a systematic collection of essays describing how Christian leaders and scholars of the first millennium in the West contributed to law and jurisprudence and used written norms and corrective practices to maintain social order and to guide people from this life into the next. With chapters on topics such as Roman and post-Roman law, church councils, the papacy, and the relationship between royal and ecclesiastical authority, as well as (...) on individual authors such as Lactantius, Ambrosiaster, Augustine, Leo I, Gelasius I, and Gregory the Great, this book invites a more holistic and realistic appreciation of early-medieval contributions to the history of law and jurisprudence for entry-level students and scholars alike. Great Christian Jurists and Legal Collections in the First Millennium provides a fresh look, from a new perspective, enabling readers to see these familiar authors in a fresh light. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Spirit-Driven Leader: Seven Keys to Succeeding under Pressure by Carnegie Samuel CalianTodd V. CioffThe Spirit-Driven Leader: Seven Keys to Succeeding under Pressure by Carnegie Samuel Calian Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2010. 125pp. $15.00Great leadership is indispensable to the success of any organization, yet it so often seems in short supply. Carnegie Samuel Calian, former president of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary for more than twenty-five (...) years, seeks to remedy the latter by providing insight into the former. Drawn from his years of experience as a successful leader and based on rigorous research on the subject, [End Page 198] Calian’s helpful volume on leadership should prove valuable for current and potential leaders from all sectors of life. Although this work contains multiple references to biblical texts, theological claims, and pietistic practices, Calian does not limit himself to religious references but draws upon what he deems are, as we often say today, the “best practices” of leadership.Each chapter proceeds by identifying a great leader or leaders (in Calian’s mind), and each example is examined with regard to the questions of what makes this person a great leader and what lessons can be drawn from such a person. Calian’s choice of examples is wide ranging, moving from obvious ones—such as Jim Sinegal (CEO of Costco), Wendy Kopp (founder of Teach for America), Asma Jahangir (a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate), and Martin Luther King Jr.—to less obvious ones, such as anecdotal references to Calian’s mother, a childhood pastor, and so forth. In the end, Calian is not satisfied simply to construct a “theory” of leadership; rather, he contends, we must look for approaches to leadership that have been tried, tested, and proven. The result is seven chapters on key leadership qualities: creativity, competence, commitment, character, collegiality, compassion, and courage, and an appendix containing practical resources (discussion starters, diagrams, questionnaires, and the like) for developing leadership vision and goals within an organization.More specifically, as the title suggests, a main theme of the book is to invite readers to consider ways in which religious traditions can provide resources for cultivating not only excellent leaders but also “spirit-driven” leaders. For instance, in a chapter on commitment, Calian writes in direct reference to his own Christian tradition: “My working hypothesis in life is that sustainable and creative leadership is nurtured and maintained by a renewed awakening of faith, hope, and love in our everyday lives” (32–33). Indeed, Calian is set on making a case that great leadership must be “nurtured by our spiritual roots” (36). Consequently, such phrases as “people of faith in almost every religious tradition” (86), “the divine destiny envisioned” (88), or “religious standards in every tradition” (99) are sprinkled throughout the book.It is clear that for Calian great leadership is nurtured by religious traditions. Yet what is not so clear is how exactly this works. In other words, his general claims about religious traditions, life, and practices are often ambiguous and confusing. In fact, what Calian actually means by “spirit-driven” is simply not clear, but given its prominence in the title of the book, it should be. Perhaps one criticism of the book, then, is that its use of religious sources is too superficial to be insightful and thus helpful. [End Page 199]Todd V. CioffCalvin CollegeCopyright © 2013 Society of Christian Ethics... (shrink)

Collections demand great care. In any attempt to select, sift, and/or package the literary efforts of a major literary figure, whatever is included will be debated and found wanting. For example, what short stories of Ernest Hemingway or sonnets of William Shakespeare or pithy comments of Winston Churchill would make up a selected collection? The choices and possibilities are numerous, and the possible repercussions mind bending. Arguments are sure to ensue, and even like-minded advocates will fiercely debate the inclusion (...) or exclusion of a specific work.Renowned French mathematician Jules Henri Poincare mused to colleague Lord Bertrand Russell that “Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a... (shrink)

We first got to know TEDMED, a partner of TED (known for its entertaining talks on important ideas), in November 2011, when Jay Walker, its ebullient curator and chairman, visited The Hastings Center to discuss our common interests. What took place was an energizing conversation with Hastings Center staff and several members of the center's board of directors about some of the most intractable health care problems. Jay sketched his vision of marshaling creative and motivated leaders from business, public policy, (...) and medicine to address them. He imagined these people drawing on their areas of expertise to make unforeseen connections—perhaps some insight from business would spark a new idea for combatting childhood obesity or eliminating medical errors. They would use their influence to put the best ideas into practice. Soon after, Walker's colleagues were back in touch with a plan for launching his movement: The Great Challenges of Health and Medicine program. (shrink)

Introduction. Taking the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army of 1941—1945 as an example the authors identify features of the personnel selection in the army during military operations, conditions, requirements, criteria, qualities necessary for promotion to higher command positions. The aim of the study is to identify the mechanism of personnel selection in the armed forces during military operations. Methods. The authors use the following general scientific methods: modeling, structural and functional, systemic and comparative analysis; movement from the abstract to the (...) concrete and from the concrete to the abstract. The authors make use of P.A. Sorokin’s theory of vertical mobility. For further research of the problem, the methodology of synergetics and counterfactual modeling of the past can be involved. Scientific novelty of the research. The following existing concepts of the Red Army officers’ dynamics in 1941—1945 are generalized: positive, negative, moral and psychological selection. Their basic concepts and shortcomings are revealed. An initiativeintellectual concept of the officers’ selection in war is formulated on the basis of P. Sorokin’s theory of vertical mobility. The author identify specific conditions, requirements, and criteria influencing the selection of commanders during the war. Results. A clear opposition to the conditions, requirements and selection criteria in peacetime and wartime is given. The following specific criteria for selecting officers of the Red Army during the war are highlighted: the presence of combat experience; non-conformism; the ability to take personal responsibility; analyze and correct errors; nonstandard thinking. Military action creates specific conditions that give rise to the selection criteria for commanders. Conclusions. The selection criteria for personnel in peacetime and wartime armies differ sharply. At the beginning of battle actions, stereotyped commanders prevailed. Such people are replaced by commanders who are able to go beyond the established canons, orders of the chiefs. The work presents a diagram showing the stages of selecting officers in a war: military actions — conditions — selection criteria - requirements — new qualities of a person adapted to combat operations. This leads to the success of military operations, and, consequently, to the promotion of officers in rank and position. (shrink)

How did Elijah Muhammad's establishment of the Nation of Islam affect the civil rights movement in the United States? Philosophers and Religious Leaders answers that question and others as it presents 200 leaders whose lives and work have greatly influenced the world we live in today. Profiles include: Muhammad Abduh—architect of Islamic modernism. Mary Daly— influential feminist theologian and philosopher. Mary Baker Eddy—founder of Christian Science. Mencius (Meng K'o)—Confucian moral philosopher and interpreter. Shang Yang—Chinese philosopher of legalist school.

To fit the magnificence of this setting in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People, and the honor of giving the 2007 Sir John Crawford Memorial Lecture, it is well to have a subject of suitable proportions. I have chosen one of global size and urgent time frame: our climate crisis. We only have one future and one global climate–and now it looks as if we only have one chance to rescue our civilization from collapse and prevent a mass extinction (...) of species during the 21st century. Unless you have been keeping up with climate science for the past twenty-five years, you likely do not know how serious the matter has become. The notion that we might slowly get into serious trouble by mid-century has been conveyed by the media and understood by at least some political leaders. But that scenario depends on somehow avoiding sudden shifts in climate in the meantime, instant setbacks at a time when we lack maneuvering room. An abrupt shift in drought area occurred in 1983 and we had a near-miss of a mass extinction of Amazon species in 1999. It is easy to appreciate that one more degree of global warming will seriously reduce crop yields in the tropics, but in the words of climate scientist Claudia Tebaldi 1, “It’s the extremes, not the averages, that cause the most damage to.. (shrink)

As stated by previous researchers, in an increasingly competitive environment, organizations need to develop successful innovations to compete and survive in the long term. Furthermore, sustainability and social issues are gaining increasing importance, to the extent that they are now a matter of high concern for firms and for society. Therefore, organizations cannot improve their results at any price and must be responsible for the consequences of their activities, including innovation. In these conditions, a growing demand for new leadership styles (...) and behaviors arises to face this complex context. Stewardship is a leadership behavior that shows great concern for the impact of the organization’s activity on society. A quantitative study has been conducted with the purpose of providing empirical evidence of the relationship between leaders’ stewardship behavior and innovation success, using radical innovation as an explanatory variable. To confirm the hypotheses, structural equations were used on a dataset from a sample of 300 questionnaires from Spanish companies. The study empirically validates the proposed conceptual model. Results show how radical innovation fully mediates the relationship between leaders’ stewardship behavior and innovation success. (shrink)

Timeless advice on how to be a successful leader in any field The ancient biographer and essayist Plutarch thought deeply about the leadership qualities of the eminent Greeks and Romans he profiled in his famous—and massive—Lives, including politicians and generals such as Pericles, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Mark Antony. Luckily for us, Plutarch distilled what he learned about wise leadership in a handful of essays, which are filled with essential lessons for experienced and aspiring leaders in (...) any field today. In How to Be a Leader, Jeffrey Beneker presents the most important of these essays in lively new translations accompanied by an enlightening introduction, informative notes, and the original Greek on facing pages. In "To an Uneducated Leader," "How to Be a Good Leader," and "Should an Old Man Engage in Politics?" Plutarch explains the characteristics of successful leaders, from being guided by reason and exercising self-control to being free from envy and the love of power, illustrating his points with memorable examples drawn from legendary Greco-Roman lives. He also explains how to train for leadership, persuade and deal with colleagues, manage one's career, and much more. Writing at the height of the Roman Empire, Plutarch suggested that people should pursue positions of leadership only if they are motivated by "judgment and reason"—not "rashly inspired by the vain pursuit of glory, a sense of rivalry, or a lack of other meaningful activities." His wise counsel remains as relevant as ever. (shrink)

The Garden of Leaders explores two related questions: What is leadership? And what sort of education could prepare young people to be leaders? Paul Woodruff argues that higher education--particularly but not exclusively in the liberal arts--should set its main focus on cultivating leadership in students. Woodruff advances a new view of liberal arts education that places leadership at the root of everything it does, so that students will be prepared to lead in their lives and careers--and not necessarily in management (...) roles. Woodruff views the contemporary university as sorely lacking an emphasis on leadership, and presents three core sets of recommendations for how they can and should foster it. First, Woodruff posits co-curricular groups, activities, and projects as essential activities for students to gain confidence and leadership skills. Administrations should encourage students to engage in activities outside the classroom, convert coached sports teams into student-led clubs as far as possible, and discourage social organizations that are segregated by race or sex. Second, Woodruff advocates for a different curriculum for all undergraduates, no matter their major-arguing that they need to be taught leadership in the forms of key skills including communication, as well as exposure to key material in history literature, social science, and ethics. Students should be asked to consider the hardest ethical dilemmas that leaders face, toggling between Machiavelli and great ethical thinkers such as Confucius and Socrates. Third, Woodruff calls for the teaching methods used by instructors to re-orient themselves around the question of leadership, particularly by emphasizing teamwork. Professors should respect their students' independence, avoid tyrannical teaching, and remember that all teachers teach ethics simply by the examples they set in dealing with students. Whether in engineering, music, or classics, The Garden of Leaders advances leadership as a core value that should be at the heart of the educational enterprise-contending that while a college campus can be many things, it should at the very least be a ground upon which new leaders can grow. (shrink)

In this article, drawing from a relational perspective, we explore the relationship between moral leadership and employee creativity, treat employee identification with leader and leader–member exchange as two mediators, and develop a new theoretical model of employee creativity. Our data collected from 160 supervisor–subordinate dyads in the People’s Republic of China demonstrate that moral leadership is positively related to both employee identification with leader and LMX. Further, employee identification with leader partially mediates the relationship between moral (...) leadership and LMX. In particular, employee identification with leader greatly enhances LMX which leads to high creativity. Overall, the relationship between moral leadership and employee creativity is mediated by not only employee identification with leader but also LMX. Our findings offer a new theoretical framework for future theory development and testing on creativity as well as practical implications for researchers and managers in business ethics. (shrink)

Michel Foucault, one of the most cited scholars in the social sciences, devoted his last three lectures to a study of leader development. Going back to pagan sources, Foucault found a persistent theme in Hellenistic antiquity that, in order to qualify for leadership, a person must undergo processes of subjectivation, which is simply the way that a person becomes a Subject. From this perspective, an aspiring leader first becomes a Subject who happens to lead. These processes depend on (...) a condition of _parresia_, which is truth-telling at great risk that is for the edification of the other person. A leader requires a mentor and advisors in order to lead successfully, while also developing the capacity in one’s own mind to heed the truth. In other words, a leader must learn how to guide oneself. A valuable contribution to the field of leadership studies, this book summarizes these last lectures as they pertain to the study and practice of leadership, emphasizing the role of ethics and truth-telling as a check on power. It then presents several other contexts where these same lessons can be seen in practice, including in the life of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, whose career as a writer epitomized speaking truth to power, and somewhat surprisingly in the United States military, in response to its twenty-first century mission of counterinsurgency. (shrink)

On being told that "translation is an impossible thing," Anatole France replied: "precisely, my friend; the recognition of that truth is a necessary preliminary to success in art." The task of Transplantings is to add flesh and bones to that familiar quip. Indeed, Daniel Weissbort notes that Viereck's study represented a sixty-five year long project. Now, it is finally being brought to print in its full form, with the completion of the final manuscript shortly before Viereck's death. If translation is (...) a special genre in its own right, the translation of poetry, especially from major foreign languages, is a special subset of that genre. What emerges in the imperfect act of translation is an aesthetic dimension that Viereck considers unique in its own right. Transplantings provides new insight into Viereck as a poet of substance, but more than that as a public intellectual. He is critical in probing the work of the major figures such as Stefan George and Georg Heym. To round out this monumental new look at German poetical history, Viereck reviews Goethe, Novalis, and Rilke among others. For Viereck, the difference between the poetical and the political is critical. The quality of poetry is not measured by politics, nor can the worth of political action be defined by commitment to the poetical. The experience of German thought, as well as French and Italian efforts, reveals a divide that can be narrowed but hardly bridged by rhetoric. Transplantings does not simplify the task of the reader. Rather it shows without doubt that the passion of great poetry is part of a national tradition. Efforts at translation indicate how such poetry becomes part of an international culture. This is a major work by one of the great thinkers of the twentieth century. It merits reading, and then, re-reading. "Peter Viereck was that rare scholar who captured the European experience with America, while fully realizing the American encounter with Europe. He did so with consciousness of and compassion for both sectors of Western Civilization" --Irving Louis Horowitz, Society Peter Viereck was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, critic, and historian. He held the Kenan Chair in History at Mount Holyoke College. He was known as one of America's conservatism's early leaders and was the recipient of Guggenheim Fellowships both in history and poetry. (shrink)

SummaryThis article examines the relationship of Jeremy Bentham and some of his disciples within Romantic Liberalism in the Mediterranean in the early 1820s. By studying the content of Bentham's correspondence with his collaborators and some Spanish political leaders, the text sheds light on Bentham's ideas on constitutional rule, the independence of Latin America and religious tolerance.

Twenty years ago our great teacher and leader Chairman Mao published "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People," an epoch-making piece of Marxist literature. In this brilliant piece, Chairman Mao applied the fundamental law of the universe, the law of the unity of opposites, to sum up comprehensively the historical experience of China's socialist revolution and construction and the international Communist movement and to analyze profoundly the nature, peculiarities and laws of socialist society. He was the (...) first in the history of the development of Marxism to point out clearly that the fundamental contradictions of socialist society are still the contradiction between the productive forces and production relations and the contradiction between the superstructure and the economic base. He was the first to demonstrate clearly that even after the system of ownership of the means of production has been transformed into that of a socialist country there still exist classes, class struggle, and the danger of capitalist restoration. He was the first to indicate clearly that there exist two different kinds of contradictions in socialist society which must be rigorously distinguished and correctly handled, for which he established the great theory of continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat. On the basis of the unity of theory and practice, he resolved the issue of preventing and combating revisionism, consolidated the dictatorship of the proletariat, and stymied the threat of capitalist restoration. It was an important essay for our time concerning carrying the cause of socialist revolution through to the end, a great enrichment and development of Marxism-Leninism. To study this brilliant essay by Chairman Mao is of the greatest significance for China's current investigation and criticism of the Wang-Chang-Chiang-Yao "gang of four" anti-Party clique. (shrink)

In the aftermath of various corporate scandals, management research and practice have taken great interest in ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is referred to as “normatively appropriate conduct” (Brown et al. in Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 97(2):117–134, 2005), but the prescriptive norms that actually underlie this understanding constitute an open question. We address this research gap by turning to relational models theory (Fiske in Structures of social life: the four elementary forms of human relations, Free Press, New York, 1991), (...) which contextualizes four distinct moralities in four distinct interactional norms (i.e., the relational models). We expect that the norms inherent in each model dictate the type of leader relationship that followers deem ethical. Specifically, we hypothesize that, for each norm, followers will perceive leaders as less ethical the more discrepant, i.e., the more incongruent, followers’ ideal relational norm is with the perceived norm that they attribute to their actual leader–follower interaction. We tested the respective incongruence hypothesis in a cross-sectional survey of 101 Dutch employees. Polynomial regression and surface response analyses provide support for the hypothesized incongruence effects in each of the four relational models, suggesting that normatively appropriate conduct should not be limited to caring (i.e., community-oriented) behaviors. Indeed, all four relational models can predict ethical leadership perceptions. We discuss the implications in the context of ethical leadership research and managerial practice. (shrink)

Ian Kershaw, in his new biography of Hitler2, quotes a teenage girl, writing to celebrate Hitler’s 50th birthday in April 1939: “a great man, a genius, a person sent to us from heaven”. What kind o f design-flaw in human nature could be responsible for such a seemingly grotesque piece of hero-worship? Why do people in general fall so easily under the sway of dictators?

The book tells about people who lived in an era of historical cataclysms, wars and revolutions, changes in political formations. The generation of the Kazakh intelligentsia responded to the historical challenge facing the Kazakhs at a turning point in history. These are people born at the end of the 19th century, educated in different countries and united by the idea of overcoming colonial dependence on the Russian Empire. The author aims to form a holistic view of a galaxy of outstanding (...) personalities who, in an important historical period, were able to take responsibility for the people and their future. The history of the country is perceived through the prism of their destinies, views, activities and death. The material of the book is a biographical sketch and covers the history of Kazakhstan in the first third of the twentieth century, until the period of the Great Terror (1937–1938). (shrink)

The trouble with business schools -- The great, but delicate experiment -- A hippocratic oath for business -- Six more arguments for the MBA oath -- The purpose of a manager -- Ethics and integrity -- No man is an island : stakeholders -- Ambition and good faith -- The letter and the spirit : law -- The sunlight of responsibility : transparency -- Personal and professional growth -- Sustainable prosperity : a partnership for living well -- Accountability.

In this study, the leadership attributes of the mah who adhered to Buddhist doctrine and adopted the abhidhamma as a core philosophy for the country’s governance during the early Sukhothai era is examined to determine the root causes of major problems afflicting modern Thai society. Many of these social problems are related to strives, disagreements, and disunity, and are a direct consequence of the absence of mindfulness and the dhamma of the leaders. The application of Buddhist doctrine as a solution (...) to these social problems in a secular world today is as relevant as it was during the ancient days. This is manifested in the form of the Sufficiency Economy, promulgated by none other than one of the greatest, if not the greatest practitioners of the dhamma , the present King Rama IX the Great (His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej). Leaders must continue to proactively promote Buddhism and adopt Buddhist doctrines in the administration of the country, and constantly be mindful to encourage the practice of the dhamma. In this study, specific examples of laws and regulations that hinder the practice of Buddhist doctrines, the shortfall of Buddhist infrastructure, and the lack of recognition accorded to the Buddhist monks are examined and the. (shrink)

Downsizing remains a topic of great interest to both academics and practitioners. Yet, the impact of layoff decisions on perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has hardly been studied. We examine the impact of responsibility of business leaders making these layoff decisions, and characteristics of the downsizing implementation on convergence and divergence in (1) CSR perceptions, (2) victims’ perceptions of fairness, and (3) survivor commitment, in four countries. Using an experimental design, sixteen scenarios were distributed to (1) 163 managers (...) in Estonia, (2) 152 MBA students in India and 125 MBA students in France, and (3) 186 (non-traditional) undergraduate students in the USA. Results suggest that when top managers are attributed with the responsibility for downsizing, the resulting perceptions of CSR are negative. A similar pattern of results is obtained for victims’ perceptions of fairness and survivor commitment. In addition, although there are differences in effect-size based on differences in power distance, these results hold good (are similar) across the four countries, from four different society clusters. We discuss implications, limitations, and future research directions. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the SelfBrian KarafinMeeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self. By Anne Carolyn Klein. Boston: Beacon, 1995. 307 pp.“When the iron bird flies and carriages run on wheels, the dharma will come to the land of the red man”: this saying attributed to the semilegendary founder of Buddhism in Tibet, Padmasambhava, (...) stands as an oft-cited marker for the sense that the meeting between Tibetan Buddhism and North American culture was somehow a [End Page 227] fated one, a confluence emergent from some karmic relationship or mythical dependent-arising. Karmic connection or historical product of the near-simultaneous exile of Tibetans from their homeland in 1959 and the burgeoning of Western interest in Eastern religions and philosophies, the encounter of these two mutually and exotically other traditions is, nearing the second Christian millennium, proceeding apace. Especially since the 1989 awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the spiritual and temporal leader of the Tibetans—and now international pop icon—the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, the Western fascination for things Tibetan has exponentially increased, transforming what had been the preserve of scholars and eccentric spiritual seekers into a media sensation.The reception of Tibetan Buddhism in the West has proceeded in stages and phases that overlap and mutually affect each other, from pop phantasms of Tibet as a mythical Shangri-La (as in James Hilton’s Lost Horizon) and theosophical hopes in Tibet as the domain of the Wise Mahatmas overseeing the spiritual evolution of humanity to the relatively recent development of Tibetan studies as an academic discipline centered on the translation of texts, as well as the growing population of westerners practicing Tibetan Buddhist religion under the guidance of exiled lamas. With these latter two groups—scholars and practitioners who often overlap memberships—the phenomenon of Tibetan Buddhism in the West has reached a point where critical self-reflection is now possible. Donald Lopez’ recent Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West is the first full-length critical examination of the cultural confluence I’ve been noticing thus far. Lopez represents a movement in the field of Tibetan studies from philological scholarship of texts, in which the scholarly effort consists largely of translation along with commentary that closely follows the commentarial literature of the Tibetan tradition being translated, to cultural criticism of the underlying dynamics in the encounter itself.This critical self-consciousness in the field of Tibetan studies is likewise the motivating impetus behind Anne Klein’s recent work as represented by the book under review here. Klein, like Lopez, was a student of the dean of American Tibetan studies, Jeffrey Hopkins, at the University of Virginia. As such, her early work followed Hopkins in pursuing an essentially philological approach to Tibetan tradition with a focus on the philosophical scholasticism of the Gelukpa lineage. Klein’s three philological-philosophical books—Knowledge and Liberation; Knowing, Naming, and Negation; and Path to the Middle—are excellent examples of the genre of translation/commentary above mentioned, treating the Sautrantika and Madhyamika tenet systems in which the Gelukpa tradition systematized Indian Buddhist philosophy for the purposes of monastic study and debate. Meeting the Great Bliss Queen is something else entirely; in this work Klein blazes a trail out from recondite translation work toward cultural critique and psychosocial self-reflection in which the previously submerged subtext of the encounter between the Tibetan tradition and the Western psyche and society is allowed to surface and its issues probed and reflected upon.Klein frames her work in terms of a dialogue between Buddhism (by which she mainly means meditation practices and some associated philosophy) and feminism (by which she means both academic feminist theory and her own autobiographical [End Page 228] experience as a Western woman personally experiencing the confluence of Western and Tibetan exigencies). Klein is a salient example of a scholar-practitioner, someone who occupies positions both in the academic field of Tibetan studies and in the population of students of Tibetan lamas in exile. As such, she is exactly situated to embark on such a project of cultural and psychological reflection. She knows... (shrink)

The article’s name is “Heydar Aliyev and the formation of the foreign policy of the modern Republic of Azerbaijan”. In the article have been dealt the problems that Azerbaijan has encountered after gaining independence, state affairs and army-building issues in the war with Armenia after Heydar Aliyev came to power and determination of foreign policy priorities. The main directions of the foreign policy of the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, the role of Heydar Aliyev in (...) the formation of cooperative relations in bilateral and multilateral formats have been researched. (shrink)

As early as page 2 in Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion, Stedman Jones boldly highlights that “he invention of what came to be called as ‘Marxism’ was initially in large part the creation of Engels in his books and pamphlets, beginning with Anti-Dühring in 1878”. He further adds, as keepers of Marx’s works, the leaders of the German Social Democratic Party, including August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, Eduard Bernstein, and Franz Mehring, were also responsible for further mystifications of Marx by hiding (...) the embarrassing gaps between the image and reality of Marx and his theory. This was ostensibly done in order to protect the party – which had Marx as its founding theorist – from being attacked and discredited by the ruling power which was the imperial government of Wilhelmine Germany. Jones subsequently states, “From the beginning, what came to be called as ‘Marxism’ had been built upon an unambiguously selective view of what was to count as theory, not only in relation to would-be heretics, but also in relation to Marx himself”. Afterwards he reveals a content from Bebel’s letter to Kautsky: “By the way, I want to tell you – but please keep absolutely quiet about it – that some of the letters were not published, above all, because they were too strong for us”. These punchlines are more than enough to shake the general understanding of Marx and “Marxism” to acclaiming Marxists and critical theorists alike. (shrink)

Background Healthcare leader support and facilitation for ethics work are of great importance for healthcare professionals’ handling of ethical issues, moral distress, and quality care provision. A digital tool for ethical reflection in long-term care was developed in response to the demand for appropriate tools. Research aim This study aimed to explore healthcare leaders’ expectations of using a digital tool for ethical reflection among their home nursing care staff. Research design A qualitative research design with vignettes and focus (...) group interviews was used. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Participants and Research Context The sample comprised ten healthcare leaders from municipal long-term care in Norway. Ethical Considerations Participation was voluntary and based on informed consent. The Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research approved this study. Findings The analysis resulted in the development of three themes representing leaders’ expectations of the tool: (i) giving staff a voice, (ii) revealing ethics in practice, and (iii) keeping the pot boiling. Discussion Leaders must be informed about the ethical issues experienced to engage in supportive measures for their staff. Digital channels can increase the democratization, safety, and efficiency of communication between employees and leaders and increase awareness of ethical aspects in daily care work. The leaders had positive expectations of employees’ activities and benefits from using the tool for ethical reflection. However, they admitted that realizing the tool’s potential to ensure continuity in ethics work requires considerable organizational and leader involvement. Conclusions This study shows that healthcare leaders are open to digital solutions for managing ethics work in home nursing care. Both opportunities and important prerequisites for successfully implementing the digital tool were identified. (shrink)

Defining relationships and limiting power: two leaders of Australian nursing, 1868–1904 This paper analyses aspects of the relationship between nursing and medicine during 1868–1904, in terms of power, gender and authority. A biographical approach is used with a focus on two leading nurses in Australia and their relationship with two leading medical practitioners. The first nurse is Lucy Osburn, the figurehead of the first generation of Nightingale nursing in Australia. The second nurse represents the second generation when Nightingale nursing had (...) largely won acceptance and was firmly established in Australian hospitals: she is Susan McGahey. Their main medical antagonists were Dr Alfred Roberts and Dr Anderson Stuart. A struggle over the control of nursing is evident in these relationships. The outcome transcended personalities, greatly influenced the structure of modern nursing, and marked the rising tide of medical domination in Australia. (shrink)

When Washington Shut Down Wall Street unfolds like a mystery story. It traces Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo's triumph over a monetary crisis at the outbreak of World War I that threatened the United States with financial disaster. The biggest gold outflow in a generation imperiled America's ability to repay its debts abroad. Fear that the United States would abandon the gold standard sent the dollar plummeting on world markets. Without a central bank in the summer of 1914, the United (...) States resembled a headless financial giant. William McAdoo stepped in with courageous action, we read in Silber's gripping account. He shut the New York Stock Exchange for more than four months to prevent Europeans from selling their American securities and demanding gold in return. He smothered the country with emergency currency to prevent a replay of the bank runs that swept America in 1907. And he launched the United States as a world monetary power by honoring America's commitment to the gold standard. His actions provide a blueprint for crisis control that merits attention today. McAdoo's recipe emphasizes an exit strategy that allows policymakers to throttle a crisis while minimizing collateral damage. When Washington Shut Down Wall Street recreates the drama of America's battle for financial credibility. McAdoo's accomplishments place him alongside Paul Volcker and Alan Greenspan as great American financial leaders. McAdoo, in fact, nursed the Federal Reserve into existence as the 1914 crisis waned and served as the first chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. (shrink)