Depression is a disorder of impaired emotion regulation. Consequently, examining individual differences in the habitual use of emotion-regulation strategies has considerable potential to inform models of this debilitating disorder. The aim of the current study was to identify cognitive processes that may be associated with the use of emotion-regulation strategies and to elucidate their relation to depression. Depression has been found to be associated with difficulties in cognitive control and, more specifically, with difficulties inhibiting the processing of negative material. We (...) used a negative affective priming task to assess the relations among inhibition and individual differences in the habitual use of rumination, reappraisal, and expressive suppression in clinically depressed, formerly depressed, and never-depressed participants. We found that depressed participants exhibited the predicted lack of inhibition when processing negative material. Moreover, within the group of depressed participants, reduced inhibition of negative material was associated with greater rumination. Across the entire sample, reduced inhibition of negative material was related to less use of reappraisal and more use of expressive suppression. Finally, within the formerly depressed group, less use of reappraisal, more use of rumination, and greater expressive suppression were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that individual differences in the use of emotion-regulation strategies play an important role in depression, and that deficits in cognitive control are related to the use of maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in this disorder. (shrink)

The ability to process center‐embedded structures has been claimed to represent a core function of the language faculty. Recently, several studies have investigated the learning of center‐embedded dependencies in artificial grammar settings. Yet some of the results seem to question the learnability of these structures in artificial grammar tasks. Here, we tested under which exposure conditions learning of center‐embedded structures in an artificial grammar is possible. We used naturally spoken syllable sequences and varied the presence of prosodic cues. The results (...) suggest that mere distributional information does not suffice for successful learning. Prosodic cues marking the boundaries of the major relevant units, however, can lead to learning success. Thus, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that center‐embedded syntactic structures can be learned in artificial grammar tasks if language‐like acoustic cues are provided. (shrink)

This introduction to the special issue of the same title sets out the context for a critical examination of contemporary developments in sociotechnical systems deployed in the name of security. Our focus is on technologies of tracking, with their claims to enable the identification of those who comprise legitimate targets for the use of violent force. Taking these claims as deeply problematic, we join a growing body of scholarship on the technopolitical logics that underpin an increasingly violent landscape of institutions, (...) infrastructures, and actions, promising protection to some but arguably contributing to our collective insecurity. We examine the asymmetric distributions of sociotechnologies of security; their deadly and injurious effects; and the legal, ethical, and moral questions that haunt their operations. (shrink)

Mueller et al. discuss the role of acoustic cues in detecting language structure more generally. Across languages, there are clear links between acoustic cues and syntactic structure. They show that AGL experiments implementing analogous links demonstrate that prosodic cues, as well as various auditory biases, facilitate the learning of structural rules. Some of these biases, e.g. for auditory grouping, are also present in other species.

This essay offers some reflections on the recent history of the disputes about the relation between history and philosophy of science (HPS) and the merits and prospects of HPS as an intellectual endeavor. As everyone knows, the issue was hotly debated in the 1960s and 1970s. That was the hey-day of the slogan "history without philosophy of science is blind, philosophy without history of science is empty" as well as of the many variations on the theme of HPS as a (...) "marriage of convenience," "intimate relation," or "marriage for the sake of reason." There was a flurry of interest in the early 1990s, as evidenced by sections in the 1992 and 1994 issues of PSA, entitled: "Do the History of Science and the Philosophy of .. (shrink)

In this essay I discuss several methodological dimensions of Applied Philosophy, focussing on the question of how theoretical philosophical research can contribute to a comprehensive under...

Gehen zu können, wenn man will – das ist für viele Menschen eine Kurzformel für Freiheit. Einen Ort zu verlassen, an dem einen nichts mehr hält, und zu neuen Ufern aufzubrechen, bedeutet Handlungsmacht und Autonomie. Wegzugehen heißt in vielen Fällen aber auch, Abschied von Personen und einer bisherigen gemeinsamen Lebenspraxis zu nehmen. Geht es um die Trennung vom vertrauten sozialen Umfeld und von den gewohnten Lebensformen, wird dies oft als Verlust befürchtet und erlebt. Die Freiheit zu gehen ist deshalb vor (...) allem als Option wichtig, als Möglichkeit, von der wir Gebrauch machen können, aber nicht müssen. Auch wenn Ausstiegsoptionen nicht wahrgenommen werden, prägen sie die Situation – sie ermöglichen es, die bestehenden Verhältnisse infrage zu stellen, stärken Verhandlungspositionen in Konfliktfällen und machen das Bleiben zu einer freien Entscheidung. (shrink)

Die Zwischenkriegszeit des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Hochzeit der Kulturphilosophie. Ihre zentrale Forderung nach einer Trennung der Realwissenschaften in Naturund „Kulturwissenschaften“1 stand der Unternehmung zu einer Einheitswissenschaft des Wiener Kreises diametral entgegen. Auch Moritz Schlick sprach sich Zeit seines Lebens entschieden gegen die „mächtig emporgeblüht[e]“ Mode der „Kulturwissenschaften oder Geisteswissenschaften“ (Schlick, MSGA I/6, 535) aus. Dies geht beispielhaft aus seinem Vortrag über das Verhältnis von „Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft“ (Schlick, MSGA I/6, 521–545) hervor, in dem er ausführt, dass jene „Wissenschaften vom (...) Menschlichen“ schlechthin nicht über eigene Grundbegriffe verfügten und deswegen stets auf die „ausgezeichnete Stellung des naturwissenschaftlichen Denkens“ angewiesen (Schlick, MSGA I/6, 536–538) blieben, namentlich auf die Psychologie als die „Brücke zur Geschichte und zu den Geisteswissenschaften überhaupt“ (Schlick, MSGA I/6, 525f.). Insofern könnten sie für sich nicht den Anspruch erheben, eine vom naturwissenschaftlichen „Weltbild“ verschiedene „Weltanschauung“ spekulativ zu entwerfen (Schlick, MSGA I/6, 541f.). Die Gegenstände der Kulturwissenschaften, so zeigt sich Schlick auch später noch überzeugt, seien letztlich psychologisch zu ergründende Handlungen von Menschen und stünden daher „nicht im absolutem Gegensatze […] zu den Gegenständen der Naturwissenschaften“. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie Jahrgang: 65 Heft: 2 Seiten: 395-400.

Cognitive control processes, such as updating task-relevant information while switching between multiple tasks, are substantially impaired in older adults. However, it has also been shown that these cognitive control processes can be improved by training interventions, e.g., by training in task switching. Here, we applied an event-related potential approach to identify whether a cognitive training improves task-preparatory processes such as updating of relevant task goals. To do so, we applied a pretest-training-posttest design with eight training sessions. Two groups of older (...) adults were either trained in task switching or in performing single tasks and we compared their performance to a group of untrained younger adults. To foster cue updating in the treatment group, we applied a cue-based switching task in which the two task cues were randomly selected prior to target presentation so that participants had time to prepare for the upcoming task. In contrast, the control group also received task cues but those were redundant as only one task had to be performed. We also examined whether training in cue updating during task switching can be transferred to a similar cognitive control task measuring updating of context information, namely a modified version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task. The results revealed training-specific improvements in task switching, that is, a larger improvement in blocks requiring switching in comparison to single tasks at the behavioral level. In addition, training specific-effects were also found at the neuronal level. Older adults trained in cue updating while switching showed a reduction in mixing costs in the cue-related P3, indicating an improvement in preparatory updating processes. Additionally, P3 topography changed with training from a very broad to a parietally focused scalp distribution similar to the one found in younger adults. However, we did not obtain training-specific improvements in context updating in the AX-CPT neither at the behavioral level nor at the neuronal level. Results are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate on whether transfer of cognitive training improvements is possible. (shrink)

Summary The first systematic studies on the velocity of chemical reactions (now called reaction rates) were published in the 1850s and 1860s. Inquiring about the course of chemical change, their authors established empirical equations on the basis of their measurement results. But these laws, which represented reaction velocities as proportional to the actual concentration of the reagents, could not be given a physical foundation. The chemists themselves regarded their propositions as mere ad hoc hypotheses. In 1867 Leopold Pfaundler formulated a (...) qualitative theory of chemical processes based on Clausius's version of the kinetic gas theory (and more specifically on his theory of evaporation), and on Saint-Claire Deville's investigations of dissociation processes. Pfaundler's theory was based on farreaching analogies: between evaporation and dissociation; between the gaseous state and the activated state; and between evaporation- and chemical-equilibrium. Four points of Pfaundler's theory must be regarded as essential: (1) the reduction of chemical change to randomly occurring molecular collisions, only showing regularities in great numbers according to the laws of probability; (2) the idea that molecules are in different states of internal and external motion, which determines whether a collision results in a reaction; (3) the view of the reaction step as a transition from internal to external motion and vice versa; and (4) the introduction of a new molecular-kinetic definition of chemical affinity as the maximum of internal motion. With these assumptions, Pfaundler provided the empirical rate equations with a new statistical interpretation and a physical Justification. (shrink)

Risk assessment is an evidence-based analytical framework used to evaluate research findings related to environmental and public health decision-making. Different routines have been adopted for assessing the potential risks posed by substances and products to human health. In general, the traditional paradigm is a hazard-driven approach, based on a monocausal toxicological perspective. Questions have been raised about the applicability of the general chemical risk assessment approach in the specific case of nanomaterials. Most scientists and stakeholders assume that the current standard (...) methods are in principle suitable, but point out that experimental aspects and practical guidelines need specific adaptations. Beyond this laboratory level, risk assessment of nanomaterials also faces a number of substantive and procedural limitations, which are intrinsically attributed to the general orthodoxy of the risk assessment concept. Moreover, the developed formalism used to organize scientific knowledge is closely interlinked with the underlying governance design and the mode of interaction between the two spheres of ‘science’ and ‘decisions’. This contribution will provide a closer look at the evolution of different institutional settings for risk assessment in the context of decision-making. Improved risk governance frameworks with different narratives, process designs and procedural elements will be compared. The question of a general principle of enhanced organization of risk assessment will be discussed taking account of the barriers of substantive and procedural limitations in the special case of nanomaterials. (shrink)

Sich dem Phänomen des Computerspielens aus der Perspektive der philosophischen Handlungstheorie zu nähern, kann einem zunächst nicht besonders vielversprechend vorkommen. Und dies aus zwei Gründen: Zum einen scheint sich der universalistische Anspruch der Handlungstheorie nicht besonders gut mit dem Studium eines Partikularbereichs menschlichen Tuns zu vertragen. Denn die Handlungstheorie ist jener Bereich der Philosophie, der zu erklären versucht, wie man das Phänomen des menschlichen Handelns als solches verstehen kann. Das heißt in der Philosophie des Handelns wird der Frage nachgegangen, auf (...) welche Weise wir am besten verstehen können, dass Handlungen sich von anders gearteten Bewegungen unseres Körpers einerseits aber auch von der Art des zielgerichteten Verhaltens, zu dem Tiere in der Lage sind, unterscheiden. Handlungstheorie, so kann man das auch beschreiben, ist eine Form der Anthropologie: Sie beschreibt eine spezielle Weise, in der sich unsere Charakteristik als vernünftiges Tier ausbuchstabieren lässt. (shrink)

The ArgumentThis paper is concerned with the diversity of microscopic research in nineteenth-century life sciences. It examines how two researchers, Ernst Wilhelm Brücke and Heinrich Müller, investigated the structure and function of the retina. They did so in significantly different ways, thereby developing quite different accounts of this organ and its role in the process of vision. Both investigators were carrying out microscopic investigations, both were particularly concerned with interpreting their findings in terms of physiological function, and both employed the (...) physical sciences in their microscopic research. Their approaches differed, however, with respect to the manner of handling and preparing the tissues, as well as with respect to the conceptual tools they applied to their findings.The cases indicate that the common tendency to associate microscopic research mainly with morphological studies of organic material is not appropriate. To understand nineteenth-century microscopy and its place in the sciences of life, close attention should be paid to the manner in which microscopic investigations were performed. It is only then that the flexibility and versatility of microscopic research comes into view. (shrink)

Con el fin de discutir las relaciones entre ética, política y educación, el presente artículo analizala crisis del sistema educativo argentino a partir de una categoría ética: la responsabilidad. Más específicamente, se intenta delinear algunos de los retos a los que una educación para la responsabi..

Das Buch stellt Nietzsches Metaphern – durch die sich seine Philosophie überhaupt erst entfaltet – vor und zur Diskussion. Über seine Metaphern dekonstruiert Nietzsche das abendländische Denken. Seine Philosophie, sein Denken und Schreiben sind ohne seine Metaphorik – der Wille zur Macht, der Leib, das Dionysische, die Musik, Amor fati, die „grosse Gesundheit“, die ewige Wiederkehr des Gleichen, der Übermensch etc. – nicht zu erfassen. Sie stehen für seine Kritik am begrifflichen Denken und an der Vernunft, an der Verachtung des (...) Leibes und der Triebe, und sie intonieren zudem als Elemente seiner „Experimentalphilosophie“ die Zukunft eines postmoralischen, sinnenorientierten Daseins. (shrink)

In der Philosophiegeschichte findet sich keine detailliert ausformulierte Philosophie des Abschieds. Die Publikation liefert hierzu die Spur des Abschieds, die als ein abwesend anwesendes Phänomen nachzuzeichnen ist. Neben der Rekonstruktion der relevanten philosophischen Thanatologien von der Antike bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, der Phänomenologie von Leiden und Schmerz, des Trostes und der Trauer werden vorrangig über Nietzsches Philosophie der tragischen Bejahungpraxis philosophische Orientierungen für ein souveränes Verhaltengegenüber dem existentiellen Phänomen des Abschieds präsentiert"--Page 4 of cover.

This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term “control”. Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such (...) as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike. (shrink)

Der österreichische Philosoph Christian von Ehrenfels gilt als "Vater der Gestaltpsychologie". Mit seiner Studie "Über Gestaltqualitäten" legte er die Basis für die Gestaltpsychologie als neuer wissenschaftlicher Disziplin, wirkte aber auch befruchtend auf anderen philosophischen Gebieten. Er verfasste Schriften zu Werttheorie und Ästhetik, Psychologie, Ethik und Erkenntnistheorie und später intensiv zu metaphysischen Themen. Daneben war er auch Dichter und schrieb als leidenschaftlicher Wagnerianer Opernlibretti und andere dramatische Werke, die häufig als Sprachrohr für seine sozial- und sexualreformerischen Ideen dienten. Der Band vereinigt (...) Beiträge, die einleitend der Entwicklung, sowie ontologischen und metaphysischen Aspekten des Gestaltbegriffs gewidmet sind, mit Studien, die die werttheoretischen und sozialphilosophischen Implikationen von Ehrenfels' Philosophie behandeln. Beleuchtet werden weiters die Möglichkeiten und Konsequenzen, die die Einführung des Gestaltbegriffs für Ästhetik und Kunstontologie mit sich bringt. Abgerundet wird der Band durch die kommentierte Erstveröffentlichung von Ehrenfels' Dissertation, die als Vorstufe für die spätere Entwicklung des Gestaltbegriffes anzusehen ist. (shrink)

This volume thus clears the ground for the productive and fruitful integration of these new developments into philosophy of science.

This article sets out to provide a conceptual contribution to theoretical and empirical work on the level of media repertoires. We will first discuss theoretical approaches which allow for an explanation of media repertoires and relate them to the most prominent approaches to selective audience behavior. Secondly, in order to empirically analyze media repertoires we propose a combination of secondary analyses of existing surveys on media use and qualitative studies on the internal ‘architecture’ of these repertoires and their practical meaning (...) in the user's everyday life. These proposals for secondary analyses are illustrated by two examples based on different data sets and referring to different levels of analysis. (shrink)

This essay deals with a conspicuous feature of early modern experimental reports: references to multiple repetitions. I examine an episode from the history of research on venomous snakes, the dispute between Francesco Redi and Moyse Charas about the cause of death from viper bites. I identify different kinds of repetitions that are described and specify the various different roles that are attributed to repetitions in experimental reports. I argue that repetition (the successive reproduction of one's own experimental trials) should be (...) distinguished from replication (reproducing other investigators' experiments). At first, replications played hardly any role in the exchange, but references to repetitions were crucial to show that contingencies had been obviated, to support inductive generalizations, and to specify the exact cause of an experimental effect. Notably, it appears that the replication of effects by different experimental means was not part of the repository of methodological notions that Redi and Charas brought to bear on their experiments. Reruns and repetitions with variations (including complementary trials) bore the epistemic weight. -/- . (shrink)

In a short passage towards the end of her book ›Intention‹ Elizabeth Anscombe briefly discusses the topic of »practical knowledge« in the sense of knowledge-how. I interpret this passage within the context of the general argument of Intention. I argue that although this passage seems to be only loosely connected to the main topic of the book and to Anscombe’s own understanding of the term »practical knowledge«, it contains a central insight: the thought that practical knowledge in Anscombe’s understanding of (...) the term and what Ryle calls »knowledge-how« are not independently conceivable. Or, to put it more generally: Anscombe thinks that, at least when it comes to intentional action, the metaphysical concepts of form and capacity are mutually dependent and neither of the two can form the basis of a satisfactory discussion of the topic of rational action on its own. (shrink)

The Grotian Moment concept provides a lens through which to reflect on the enduring hold of state sovereignty on international environmental law. The article traces the development of the field’s customary rule framework and canvasses efforts to push its conceptual boundaries beyond the inter-state paradigm. Given their dominant role in the field, the article then provides a brief overview of treaty-based approaches to the development of international environmental law. It focuses on the global response to the climate emergency, as illustrative (...) of how international environmental law has evolved in response to the challenges posed by complex crises. The article concludes by suggesting that international environmental law is unlikely to see a Grotian Moment at the level of customary international law, but that it does hold potential for the new thinking and new approaches that could produce a ‘quasi’ Grotian Moment. (shrink)