We propose a semantics for a connexive conditional based on the Lewis-Stalnaker conditional. It is a connexive semantics that is both classical and intuitive.

Against certain positivistic and neopositivistic strictures still rooted in our society, Agazzi argues that knowing the invisible is possible, not just in science, but also in metaphysics, in morals, in aesthetics, and in other areas, including, in a sense, religion. The book also examines many examples of such knowledge, surveying not only the great classics of philosophy, but various immortal masterpieces of art, music and literature. It is not just a treatise in epistemology, but a book of philosophy in the (...) most complete and traditional sense, for it discusses knowledge not only for its own sake, but also as a guide to culture, morality, happiness and to the sense of life. Thus, it also provides some important suggestions on how to face our time of crisis and an uncertain future. Despite Agazzi’s proverbial rigor and clarity, his project is so momentous and demanding that I discuss certain points which might deserve further explication and argumentation. (shrink)

The autopoietic theory and the enactive approach are two theoretical streams that, in spite of their historical link and conceptual affinities, offer very different views on the nature of living beings. In this paper, we compare these views and evaluate, in an exploratory way, their respective degrees of internal coherence. Focusing the analyses on certain key notions such as autonomy and organizational closure, we argue that while the autopoietic theory manages to elaborate an internally consistent conception of living beings, the (...) enactive approach presents an internal tension regarding its characterization of living beings as intentional systems directed at the environment. (shrink)

The scale is the most famous emblem of the law, including intellectual property (IP). Because IP rights impose social costs on the public by limiting access to protected work, the law can be justified only to the extent that, on balance, it encourages enough creation and dissemination of new works to offset those costs. The scale is thus a potent rhetorical trope of fairness and objectivity, but also an instrument the law thinks with – one that is constantly invoked to (...) justify or to question the extent of available IP protection. The balancing act that underlies the legitimacy of IP is, however, literally impossible to perform. Because we are unable to measure the benefits that IP has for inventors or the costs it has for the public, the scale has nothing to weigh. It conveys a clear sense that IP law can be balanced, but in fact propagates only a visible simulacrum of balance – one that is as empty as it is powerful. (shrink)

A discussion concerning whether to conceive Artificial Intelligence systems as responsible moral entities, also known as “artificial moral agents”, has been going on for some time. In this regard, we argue that the notion of “moral agency” is to be attributed only to humans based on their autonomy and sentience, which AI systems lack. We analyze human responsibility in the presence of AI systems in terms of meaningful control and due diligence and argue against fully automated systems in medicine. With (...) this perspective in mind, we focus on the use of AI-based diagnostic systems and shed light on the complex networks of persons, organizations and artifacts that come to be when AI systems are designed, developed, and used in medicine. We then discuss relational criteria of judgment in support of the attribution of responsibility to humans when adverse events are caused or induced by errors in AI systems. (shrink)

This paper offers a metaethical analysis of so-called political moralism’s metaethical assumptions and proposes shifting away from them. It does so by taking migration ethics’ methodology as a case study of the field. First, the paper shows political moralism’s commitment to moral monism and moral overridingness. Second, it explains how such commitments are likely to lead to the formulation of toy theories - and, hence, moral regress. Third, it proposes the recognition of prudential normativity and normative pluralism as a way (...) to avoid the toy theory problem. And, fourth, it deals with two objections to this proposal. (shrink)

Volume 37, Issue 3, September 2024, Page 150-154.

The many constraints of outer space experience challenge the human ability to coexist. Paradoxically, astronauts assert that on the international space station there are no conflicts or, at least, that they are able to manage their differences, behavioral as well as cognitive, in full respect of human rights and the imperatives of cooperative living. The question is: Why? Why in those difficult, a-terrestrial, and therefore almost unnatural conditions do human beings seem to be able to peacefully and collaboratively live together? (...) What is there beyond terrestrial boundary conditions that allows for such a result? And what can we learn from the astronauts’ experience about the effectiveness of human rights on Earth? My proposal is that the a-terrestrial dimension deeply alters the mind/body indexical framework and, in this way, disentangles the human inclination to semiosis from the cognitive and behavioral habits of categorization and territorialization inherent in the experience on Earth. If analyzed through the spectrum of an interdisciplinary approach involving anthropology, semiology, law, and human geography, I think that outer space enterprises can offer many insights into the cognitive and ethical/political hindrances to the effectiveness of human rights and their intercultural uses. Meanwhile the compulsive greed for a possessive territorialization of outer space and celestial bodies is growing by leaps and bounds. It haunts and imbues both astropolitics and space law. The astronauts’ semio-anthropological experience of human rights and cooperative coexistence seems to have been left in orbit. The future requires awareness and action by anthropologists, semioticians, cognitive scientists, geographers and lawyers, working all together in an interdisciplinary effort to move beyond approaching the experiential with a territorial mindset. The hope is that the “dark dream” of human exploitation/colonization of outer space will not turn from a political and legal speculation into a future reality. (shrink)

Ethical intuitionism traces its roots back to the early eighteenth century in the field of ethics. Despite apparent distinctions, intuitionism, especially in its recent development by Huemer, bears a striking resemblance to robust versions of rationalist foundationalism. In this paper, we will argue against the perspective of robust intuitionism. Furthermore, we commit to reviewing what theorists operating within the field of study known as Dual Process Theory hypothesize about intuition. Nonetheless, we do not claim that the origin of our moral (...) beliefs is unreliable or discreditable. On the contrary, we entertain the prospect of reviving intuitionistic themes by leveraging the concept of a Kantian scheme. (shrink)

Historians of science and technology and STS practitioners have always taken intellectual property very seriously but, with some notable exceptions, they have typically refrained from looking “into” it. There is mounting evidence, however, that they can open up the black box of IP as effectively as they have done for the technosciences, enriching their discipline while making significant contributions to legal studies. One approach is to look at the technologies through which patent law construes its object – the invention – (...) in specific settings and periods by examining procedures, classifications, archives, models, repositories, patent specifications (in both their linguistic and pictorial dimensions), and the highly specialized language of patent claims. More ambitiously, we could treat intellectual property as a technology itself. Patent law does not evolve either by merely articulating its doctrine in response to technological developments. The line between what does and does not count as invention may be redrawn with the emergence of new objects and technologies, but is not determined by them. It is this constructive feature of the law that we are trying to capture with the notion of law as technology. We hope that thinking about the technologies of the law and the law as technology will bring into question what we mean by both “technology” and “law”. (shrink)

Quantum electrodynamics presents intrinsic limitations in the description of physical processes that make it impossible to recover from it the type of description we have in classical electrodynamics. Hence one cannot consider classical electrodynamics as reducing to quantum electrodynamics and being recovered from it by some sort of limiting procedure. Quantum electrodynamics has to be seen not as a more fundamental theory, but as an upgrade of classical electrodynamics, which permits an extension of classical theory to the description of phenomena (...) that, while being related to the conceptual framework of the classical theory, cannot be addressed from the classical theory. (shrink)

La llamada “polémica en torno al psicologismo” (Psychologismusstreit) se compone en realidad de una serie de polémicas singulares que no poseen necesariamente vínculo factual entre sí. La discusión entre Herbart y Beneke es una de ellas, poseyendo particular importancia por encontrarse en el comienzo del conflicto. En ella el psicologista Beneke percibe con agudeza los puntos débiles de la posición herbartiana e inicia una línea de argumentación que, con variaciones, se mantendrá constante en el psicologismo y dará sentido a que (...) el último acto del drama llamado Psychologismusstreit sea dado por la fenomenología husserliana. (shrink)

The present text reviews the treatment of psychologism after the ‘Logical Investigations’. Its aim is to fill a gap in the Husserl an research about this topic, which focusing on the above-mentioned work, provides a homogenous treatment of the later position without considering the possibility of evolution. A primary result of our investigatión is the distinction of six stages in the above-mentioned development. These are established in correlation to the development in connected themes such as the theory of psychology, of (...) the reduction and of the self-constitution of subjectivity. In this context, the Husserlian around 1927 concerning the idea of an final understanding and final overcoming of the transcendental psychologism stands out, as does the later identification in ‘Crisis’ between transcendental phenomenology and psychology. Such identification revises the presupposition present :from 1906 onwards that· included in the context of a regional ontology, which puts aside the idea, decisive in 1927 of a ‘refined’ transcendental psychologism made possible by the development of this psychology. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas, las sociedades de cualquier parte del mundo han mostrado una madurez significativa en cuanto a la conciencia del valor de la vida en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones. Sin embargo, las diferentes conductas que nos acercan a dicha conciencia se pueden orientar a un bien común a través de la reflexión, nos aproximan a lo más íntimo de nuestra propia y casi exclusiva naturaleza, el humanismo. Las reflexiones que nos brinda este libro, La medicina en vivo. Cuestiones (...) filosóficas sobre la salud y la enfermedad, son una señal de madurez social que se dirige a uno de los factores clave donde el analista puede ser objeto de su propia experiencia. Favorecer la vida ya sea en su concepción, preservación o en su calidad, son competencia de principios que pueden ser arropados desde la perspectiva de la ética. El binomio salud-enfermedad está íntimamente ligado a la toma de decisiones donde lo correcto o lo incorrecto son conceptos que se vuelcan hacia lo tangible, pero que en ciertas condiciones los límites son muy sutiles y que por tanto son necesario fortalecerlos y definirlos. El análisis profundo presentado en los 13 capítulos que comprende este libro ayuda a definir posturas en un amplio abanico temático de reflexiones muy representativas que van de la mano tanto con normativas actuales, así como con lo más fresco de las ciencias biomédicas. La velocidad tan vertiginosa con que los avances científicos se proyectan rebasa en gran medida sus consideraciones éticas. Este desfase tan frecuente, obliga a detenerse y dar un respiro y justamente este libro da ese aliento en temas como la salud, una ciencia de diseño, el concepto actual de la definición de salud, biomedicina y la metafísica de la medicina, hasta dónde confiar en la medicina, la participación de la educación en la práctica clínica, el sentido de la transferencia del conocimiento mentor-aprendiz, el caso de la carcinogénesis, la intersección entre signo, síntoma y ojo clínico, la epidemiología y sus modelos, el vínculo entre animales y el hombre a través de la zoonosis y su prevención, la correlación entre inteligencia artificial y salud, el fenómeno de las adicciones y finalmente la postura ante la fase final como lo es la agonía. El perfil de los autores garantiza una calidad y rigurosidad académica en este texto que genera la confianza en la validez de sus análisis. Igualmente, las distintas procedencias geográficas de los colaboradores reflejan las mismas preocupaciones más allá de nuestras fronteras dado su carácter universal. Este libro será de gran utilidad para apoyo en la formación de profesionistas en ciencias de la salud o estudiosos de la filosofía de las ciencias o los cuerpos colegiados como comités de ética o bioética y seguramente se llegará a considerar un buen referente bibliográfico. (shrink)

In recent years, many studies on the relationship between G. W. F. Hegel and metaphilosophy have appeared, articulating it in various ways. The goal of this paper is to specify in what sense it is possible to speak of a Hegelian metaphilosophy, while also assessing the relevance of Hegel for the current metaphilosophical debate. In particular, I will proceed as follows. First, I will outline the main features of the contemporary metaphilosophical debate. Second, I will discuss some important metaphilosophical interpretations (...) of Hegel. Third, I will specify in what sense it is possible to speak of a Hegelian metaphilosophy. Fourth, I will address several methodological issues that arise whenever one attempts to assert the contemporary relevance of Hegel’s philosophy. Finally, I will assess to what extent Hegel’s philosophy can be relevant for the current metaphilosophical debate. As a result, the present paper outlines a concrete option for current philosophical research. (shrink)

This paper considers Carson’s rewriting of Heracles’ tragic madness— through the art of collage, an assembling and disassambling of textual fragments, scraps of papers, drawings, chromatic smears, and sketches—as an imagistic site for theorizing the anti-normative materiality, physical and metaphysical, of par-a-noia. I make a case for a materiality of par-a-noia by proposing a comparison with Alain Badiou’s Marxist political formalism. The distinctive formal trait of H of H, verbal and pictorial juxtaposition, invites us to think of par-a-noia as an (...) aesthetico-political radicality located on the edge of a voiding of thought (noein), a radicality that, as I suggest at the end, can be aligned with modes of non-normate cognition, with neuroqueer countersociality. (shrink)

Debido al actual auge de la medicina y de la investigación biomédica y farmacéutica, la filosofía de la medicina se ha posicionado rápidamente entre las ramas filosóficas más relevantes e influyentes del mundo. La innovación en tratamientos y técnicas que se han desarrollado han abierto nuevas cuestiones teóricas y éticas. Mientras que los primeros comprenden cuestiones relacionadas con la metafísica y la epistemología de las ciencias de la salud, los segundos atañen a la ética médica. Aunque independientes entre sí, existe (...) un inevitable acercamiento entre ambas perspectivas por el impacto social que implica la salud. La práctica médica está inherentemente imbuida de cuestiones normativas que hacen imposible un análisis epistemológico y metafísico sin atender a las cuestiones morales que inevitablemente surgen en el curso de la investigación. Por el contrario, la reflexión moral sobre cuestiones médicas suele ser infructuosa sin un análisis de los conceptos cruciales involucrados en las ciencias de la salud y una reflexión detallada sobre la práctica médica. Esta dependencia mutua entre cuestiones epistemológicas, metafísicas y morales queda, creemos, claramente ilustrada en los artículos y discusiones contenidos en este número especial de la revista Euphyía. (shrink)

En este artículo se presenta una exposición sistemática del concepto de ideología que Luis Villoro construye a lo largo de su trayectoria filosófica, como base para plantear la crítica de las ideologías y la crítica de la forma-ideología en tanto tarea práctico-social del pensamiento filosófico, en ..

As a narrative-imaginary dispositive, the miracle creates a new configuration of power by restoring a polarization between sovereign desire to dominate and a certain voluntary desire for submission. The critique of miracles, on the theoretical level, does not prevent Spinozism from developing, on the practical level, an imaginary reconstruction of power based on the analogy between theology and politics, as can be seen in Spinoza’s analysis of the Hebrew State. Based on the two explanations Spinoza gives regarding the formation of (...) the Hebrew State, this article sets out to show how the effectiveness of the miracle, disjointed on the theoretical level, is maintained on the practical level, along with the validity of a theological imaginary whose political dimension remains active. (shrink)

En este trabajo critico la interpretación moralizada de la obligación política en Hobbes que defiende Luciano Venezia. Exploro una lectura diferente que evita una dicotomía tajante entre las razones prudenciales y las razones morales y subraya en cambio la discontinuidad entre la normatividad subjetiva de la ley natural y la normatividad objetiva de la ley positiva. Sostengo que el contrato de sujeción política establece obligaciones objetivas recién cuando el soberano exige el cumplimiento de los contratos. La obligación política es entonces (...) una forma de obligación jurídica. Además, enfatizo que la comunidad moral de Hobbes solo es posible dentro del Estado. In this paper, I criticize Luciano Venezia's moralized interpretation of the Hobbesian concept of political obligation. I explore a different reading that avoids a clear-cut dichotomy between prudential and moral reasons and underscores instead the discontinuity between natural law's subjective normativity and civil law's objective normativity. I contend that the pact of political subjection establishes objective obligations only when the sovereign requires the fulfillment of contracts. Political obligation is then a form of legal obligation. In addition, I emphasize that Hobbes's moral community is only possible within the State. (shrink)

In present times, social changes affect our ethos; it is a time plenty of issues and disputes on traditional ethical conceptions as well as on present ones which try to give ethical responses to new situations. With the aim of exploring a possibility of thinking our present, I will here try to explore the interpretation matrix with which modern ethos has been articulated, and which -with some modifications- still finds its way into present times. Starting from this precision, I will (...) move forward along a route of inquiry which opens up to us when we do not place ourselves from the point of view of "God's eye", i.e., when we cease to focus our reflections on what I have called the theological problem of modernity, and instead deal with the problem of the social construction of moral norms. The attempt to give reason of a secular moral position -freed from the presuppositionsof the beginnings of modern times- will lead to the distinction between moral, understood as a human group's customs and habits and ethics as the critique of established moral. I will hold that the construction of moral norms comes into play in the tension between moral and ethics.En nuestro presente, los cambios sociales afectan a nuestro ethos, así como abundan los cuestionamientos y disputas sobre las concepciones éticas tradicionales y también sobre las actuales propuestas que intentan dar respuestas éticas a las nuevas situaciones. Con el objeto de explorar una posibilidad de pensar nuestra actualidad, trataré aquí de precisar la matriz de interpretación con la que se ha articulado el ethos moderno y que perdura con modificaciones hasta nuestros días. A partir de tal precisión, avanzaré por un camino de indagación que se abre cuando no nos ubicamos en la perspectiva del "ojo de Dios", esto es, cuando dejamos de centrar la reflexión en el que he llamado problema teológico de la modernidad, para ocuparnos del problema de la construcción social de las normas morales. El intento por dar cuenta de una moral secular que no quede lastrada con presupuestos de los inicios de la modernidad, llevará a diferenciar entre la moral, entendida como los usos y costumbres de un grupo humano, y la ética como crítica de la moral establecida. En la tensión entre moral y ética sostendré que se juega la construcción de las normas morales. (shrink)

In 1951 Eric Voegelin dedicated a long and very dense essay to the Utopia of Thomas More, subsequently integrated in a larger portrait of the Renaissance political thought. The critical interpretation of Voegelin focuses on the breakdown of the traditional order and the emerging of a new vision of Man and Politics in the early sixteenth century, and particularly on the risks related to the mundane eschatology of which the work of More is involuntary and somewhat inconsistent anticipation.

An analysis of Nietzsche's theories of art written by the noted British social historian. Provides unique insights not only into Nietzsche's philosophy but also into art theory in general. Illus.

The paper intends to bridge the existing gap between aesthetic knowledge and contemporary society. The first part focuses on the cultural turn in aesthetics, the roots of which can already be found in the English criticism of the eighteenth century. This enterprise is inspired by a methodology that regards aesthetics as a "meeting place" of many disciplines and varying cultural traditions. A second type of cultural turn is carried out by writers (e.g. Baudelaire): the target of their polemic is the (...) concept of aesthetic disinterestedness. According to them, the beautiful, instead, has to create the greatest interest because it is none other than the promise of happiness. However, the two different approaches are not so incompatible as seems at first sight. Finally, the text focuses on the New Age and the culture of performance, which, even if presenting opposite traits, have one thing in common: they translate at the empirical and factual level experiences that originally belonged to another sphere, namely the spiritual and the symbolic. (shrink)

The text is looking for a political explanation of the turn in Western attitude to pornography which has taken place since the sixties and even more so since the seventies. More surprising than the liberalization of pornography itself appears the massive pornographic self-exposure even by minors since the turn of the millennium. In addition to the reasons for this extraordinary permissiveness, the paper questions the role of technical and audiovisual media in this social development.

Great scholars in philosophy possess a keen analytical mind, excel in logical reasoning, and exhibit meticulous attention to detail. They rigorously define terms, avoiding ambiguities and errors. Originality and the willingness to challenge conventions are their hallmarks. They make significant contributions across various philosophical fields. They transparently address the exact aim of their research, and what it is not. Finally, they anticipate the impact of their theories on the current literature, and how such an impact should blossom across the future (...) generations. In this respect, great philosophers address open problems and propose big questions for the foreseeable research efforts of those who will follow. Mario Alai embodies the qualities of a great scholar in philosophy, and the various essays in this volume are an evidence to that. It is challenging to condense a lifetime of research in one book. However, the Editors of the present volume’s aim was to face this challenge, to make a collection dedicated to Mario Alai’s work not only possible but, as metaphysicians would say, actual. The book attempts to bring together the reflections of three different generations of scholars - i.e., mentors, colleagues, and students - on Alai’s thought. Viewed from this perspective, the extensive and valuable contributions that follow, crafted in honor of Mario Alai and his scholarly endeavors, come as no surprise. All the chapters focus on a theme that was very dear to the philosophical curiosity of Mario Alai. Moreover, in engaging with these different topics, the plethora of contributions gives us a sense of the work by Alai. To make sense of the different contributions as a unified enterprise, this volume is organized into three sections, which seek to gather writings that revolve around Mario’s most substantial contributions, while elucidating their contemporary significance in the global discourse. Moreover, it endeavors to offer precious insights into the origins and development of these contributions, as observed through Mario’s writings and responses. This represents a sort of closure of the theoretical circle, clearly showing how the work by Mario Alai has been appreciated through different generations, originating from his relation to his mentors, on the one hand, while also shedding new light on his students’ research interests, on the other. Editing such a wealth of material was, again, no small feat. Still, the taxonomy we have chosen for this book will assist readers in navigating the profound depths of Alai’s philosophical research. Consequently, the book is structured into the following three parts: 1. Realism in History of Philosophy, History of Science, and Metaphysics. 2. Scientific Realism. 3. Realism in Philosophy of Language, Epistemology, and Experimental Philosophy. Each contribution actively participates in a substantial conversation with Alai’s body of work, as a deep theoretical dialogue between the author and Mario. Consequently, it appeared fitting to let Alai conclude this conversation, with direct responses to these philosophy-provoking pieces in his honor. We shall refrain from further commentary on the works within this book and allow them to express their significance independently to appreciate the river of ideas flowing through Mario’s work1. Beyond their philosophical substance, they are a vivid testament to Alai’s enduring dedication and ongoing contributions, in different moments of his research life. (shrink)

Las Falsificaciones Profundas (Deep fake) constituyen una evolución tecnológica, que expresa un cambio radical en la manera en que se produce, se divulga y maneja de manera inadecuada la información. Ello podría llevar a que este hecho, mal maniobrado, se convierta en una amenaza cada vez más grave para individuos, organizaciones y la sociedad en su conjunto, al formar parte de un desarrollo sin precedentes en el ecosistema de la desinformación. A partir de esta inquietud, el objetivo de este artículo (...) es incursionar en el debate sobre las preocupaciones y soluciones educativas frente a los usos maliciosos de la “Tecnología Deep Fake” (TDF), colocando la atención en que los problemas que se puedan generar en estos ámbitos, es desde la transformación y puesta en práctica de la consolidación de valores que enarbolen la ética como principio básico que distingue la naturaleza humana en su expresión más civilizada, en lo cual no se descartan las funciones que podrían desempeñar la tecnología, el componente legal y las políticas gubernamentales y privadas. Se empleó el método de análisis documental aplicando la triangulación de autores lo que permitió deslindar las causas y soluciones educativas frente al Deep Fake, obteniendo como resultado, una propuesta de soluciones educativas frente a sus usos maliciosos. La conclusión central es que el enfrentamiento a los problemas que causa el inapropiado empleo de la “Tecnología Deep Fake” (TDF), pasa por el trabajo educativo que se realice en los escenarios en que convivimos. (shrink)

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review (...) within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students. (shrink)

This book will undoubtedly be useful to scholars and graduate students interested in the relationships between self-consciousness, emotion, the brain, and the...