In 1981, Takeuti introduced quantum set theory as the quantum counterpart of Boolean valued models of set theory by constructing a model of set theory based on quantum logic represented by the lattice of closed subspaces in a Hilbert space and showed that appropriate quantum counterparts of ZFC axioms hold in the model. Here, Takeuti's formulation is extended to construct a model of set theory based on the logic represented by the lattice of projections in an arbitrary von Neumann algebra. (...) A transfer principle is established that enables us to transfer theorems of ZFC to their quantum counterparts holding in the model. The set of real numbers in the model is shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with the set of self-adjoint operators affiliated with the von Neumann algebra generated by the logic. Despite the difficulty pointed out by Takeuti that equality axioms do not generally hold in quantum set theory, it is shown that equality axioms hold for any real numbers in the model. It is also shown that any observational proposition in quantum mechanics can be represented by a corresponding statement for real numbers in the model with the truth value consistent with the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, and that the equality relation between two real numbers in the model is equivalent with the notion of perfect correlation between corresponding observables (self-adjoint operators) in quantum mechanics. The paper is concluded with some remarks on the relevance to quantum set theory of the choice of the implication connective in quantum logic. (shrink)

The recently established universal uncertainty principle revealed that two nowhere commuting observables can be measured simultaneously in some state, whereas they have no joint probability distribution in any state. Thus, one measuring apparatus can simultaneously measure two observables that have no simultaneous reality. In order to reconcile this discrepancy, an approach based on quantum logic is proposed to establish the relation between quantum reality and measurement. We provide a language speaking of values of observables independent of measurement based on quantum (...) logic and we construct in this language the state-dependent notions of joint determinateness, value identity, and simultaneous measurability. This naturally provides a contextual interpretation, in which we can safely claim such a statement that one measuring apparatus measures one observable in one context and simultaneously it measures another nowhere commuting observable in another incompatible context. (shrink)

In quantum logic, introduced by Birkhoff and von Neumann, De Morgan's Laws play an important role in the projection-valued truth value assignment of observational propositions in quantum mechanics. Takeuti's quantum set theory extends this assignment to all the set-theoretical statements on the universe of quantum sets. However, Takeuti's quantum set theory has a problem in that De Morgan's Laws do not hold between universal and existential bounded quantifiers. Here, we solve this problem by introducing a new truth value assignment for (...) bounded quantifiers that satisfies De Morgan's Laws. To justify the new assignment, we prove the Transfer Principle, showing that this assignment of a truth value to every bounded ZFC theorem has a lower bound determined by the commutator, a projection-valued degree of commutativity, of constants in the formula. We study the most general class of truth value assignments and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for them to satisfy the Transfer Principle, to satisfy De Morgan's Laws, and to satisfy both. For the class of assignments with polynomially definable logical operations, we determine exactly 36 assignments that satisfy the Transfer Principle and exactly 6 assignments that satisfy both the Transfer Principle and De Morgan's Laws. (shrink)

A nonstandard universe is constructed from a superstructure in a Boolean-valued model of set theory. This provides a new framework of nonstandard analysis with which methods of forcing are incorporated naturally. Various new principles in this framework are provided together with the following applications: An example of an 1-saturated Boolean ultrapower of the real number field which is not Scott complete is constructed. Infinitesimal analysis based on the generic extension of the hyperreal numbers is provided, and the hull completeness theorem (...) and the Loeb measure construction are extended to objects in the generic extension of the internal universe. The reduction theory of the Boolean-valued complex numbers are developed as a prototype of the applications to the topological reduction theory of Boolean sheaves or operator algebras. (shrink)

In 1981, Takeuti introduced quantum set theory by constructing a model of set theory based on quantum logic represented by the lattice of closed linear subspaces of a Hilbert space in a manner analogous to Boolean-valued models of set theory, and showed that appropriate counterparts of the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice hold in the model. In this paper, we aim at unifying Takeuti’s model with Boolean-valued models by constructing models based on general complete orthomodular (...) lattices, and generalizing the transfer principle in Boolean-valued models, which asserts that every theorem in ZFC set theory holds in the models, to a general form holding in every orthomodular-valued model. One of the central problems in this program is the well-known arbitrariness in choosing a binary operation for implication. To clarify what properties are required to obtain the generalized transfer principle, we introduce a class of binary operations extending the implication on Boolean logic, called generalized implications, including even nonpolynomially definable operations. We study the properties of those operations in detail and show that all of them admit the generalized transfer principle. Moreover, we determine all the polynomially definable operations for which the generalized transfer principle holds. This result allows us to abandon the Sasaki arrow originally assumed for Takeuti’s model and leads to a much more flexible approach to quantum set theory. (shrink)

An ordered field is said to be Scott complete iff it is complete with respect to its uniform structure. Zakon has asked whether nonstandard real lines are Scott complete. We prove in ZFC that for any complete Boolean algebra B which is not (ω, 2)-distributive there is an ultrafilter U of B such that the Boolean ultrapower of the real line modulo U is not Scott complete. We also show how forcing in set theory gives rise to examples of Boolean (...) ultrapowers of the real line which are not Scott complete. (shrink)

Quantum set theory and topos quantum theory are two long running projects in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics that share a great deal of conceptual and technical affinity. Most pertinently, both approaches attempt to resolve some of the conceptual difficulties surrounding QM by reformulating parts of the theory inside of nonclassical mathematical universes, albeit with very different internal logics. We call such mathematical universes, together with those mathematical and logical structures within them that are pertinent to the physical interpretation, (...) ‘Q-worlds’. Here, we provide a unifying framework that allows us to better understand the relationship between different Q-worlds, and define a general method for transferring concepts and results between TQT and QST, thereby significantly increasing the expressive power of both approaches. Along the way, we develop a novel connection to paraconsistent logic and introduce a new class of structures that have significant implications for recent work on paraconsistent set theory. (shrink)

Background: Advocacy is an important role of psychiatric nurses because their patients are ethically, socially, and legally vulnerable. This study of Japanese expert psychiatric nurses’ judgments of interventions for patient advocacy will show effective strategies for ethical nursing practice and their relationship with Japanese culture. Objectives: This article explores Japanese psychiatric nurses’ decision to intervene as a patient advocate and examine their ethical, cultural, and social implications. Research design: Using semi-structured interviews verbatim, themes of the problems that required interventions were (...) inductively summarized by a qualitative analysis and their contexts and nursing judgments were examined. Participants and research context: The participants were 21 nurses with 5 or more years of experience in psychiatric nursing. Ethical considerations: The research was approved by Institutional Review Board of research site and study facilities. The participants gave written informed consent. Findings: Analysis of 45 cases showed that nurses decided to intervene when (a) surrounding people’s opinions impeded patients’ safety, (b) healthcare professionals’ policies impeded patients’ decision-making, (c) own violent behaviors impeded treatment and welfare services for patients, (d) own or families’ low acceptance of illness impeded patients’ self-actualization, (e) inappropriate treatment or care impeded patients’ liberty, and (f) their families abused patients’ property. Discussion: To solve conflicts between patients and their surrounding people, the nurses sought reconciliation between them, which is in accordance with Japanese cultural norms respecting harmony. When necessary, however, they protected patients’ rights against cultural norms. Therefore, their judgments cannot be explained by cultural norms alone. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the nurses’ judgments were based on respect for patients’ rights apart from cultural norms, and they first sought solutions fitting the cultural norms before other solutions. This seems to be an ethical, effective strategy if advocates know the culture in depth. (shrink)

The Literature of Personalists of early Buddhism. Bhikshu Thích Thien Châu. Vietnam Buddhist Research Institute, Ho Chí Minh City 1996. xii, 241 pp. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1999. xiv, 242 pp. Rs 295. ISBN 81-208-1622-6.

世界とは何かという壮大なテーマに気鋭の哲学者がせまる知的刺激あふれる一冊。事実とは何なのか?いま自分が見ているものと隣人が見ているものは同じものなのか?人と人とのコミュニケーションはどのようにして成り 立つのか?...新たなものの見方や考え方を模索し、社会で直面するさまざまな課題を解くカギを探ります。.

ABSTRACT Studies on development and fairness judgments in resource allocations have mainly addressed the distribution of reward. However, the distribution of responsibility also requires exploration in the context of research on development and distributive justice. For an integrated understanding of reward and responsibility distributions, we briefly reviewed the studies on children’s fairness judgments in reward and responsibility distributions. We then discussed the theoretical basis and methodological framework to further our understanding. After reviewing a study which considered both reward and responsibility (...) distributions in the same experiment, we also discussed the questions to be solved to understand children’s fairness judgments in both types of distributions. Individual developmental process of fairness judgments, (in)consistency of judgments in reward and responsibility distributions, and generous judgments in allocations were discussed by referring to theoretical discussions of culture and reciprocity. (shrink)

Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other (...) animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep. (shrink)

Quantum set theory (QST) and topos quantum theory (TQT) are two long running projects in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics (QM) that share a great deal of conceptual and technical affinity. Most pertinently, both approaches attempt to resolve some of the conceptual difficulties surrounding QM by reformulating parts of the theory inside of nonclassical mathematical universes, albeit with very different internal logics. We call such mathematical universes, together with those mathematical and logical structures within them that are pertinent to (...) the physical interpretation, ‘Q-worlds’. Here, we provide a unifying framework that allows us to (i) better understand the relationship between different Q-worlds, and (ii) define a general method for transferring concepts and results between TQT and QST, thereby significantly increasing the expressive power of both approaches. Along the way, we develop a novel connection to paraconsistent logic and introduce a new class of structures that have significant implications for recent work on paraconsistent set theory. (shrink)

SummaryMis‐regulation (e.g. overproduction) of the human Ndc80/Hec1 outer kinetochore protein has been associated with aneuploidy and tumourigenesis, but the genetic basis and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Recent studies have identified the ubiquitous Ndc80 internal loop as a protein‐protein interaction platform. Binding partners include the Ska complex, the replication licensing factor Cdt1, the Dam1 complex, TACC‐TOG microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) and kinesin motors. We review the field and propose that the overproduction of Ndc80 may unfavourably absorb these interactors (...) through the internal loop domain and lead to a change in the equilibrium of MAPs and motors in the cells. This sequestration will disrupt microtubule dynamics and the proper segregation of chromosomes in mitosis, leading to aneuploid formation. Further investigation of Ndc80 internal loop‐MAPs interactions will bring new insights into their roles in kinetochore‐microtubule attachment and tumourigenesis. (shrink)

In this paper, we report the case of an Inclusive Design workshop. Inclusive Design is a design method that includes elderly and disabled people not only in interviews, but also in the upstream design process such as basic design and survey analysis. In the workshop, participants designed scientific educational materials that visually impaired and sighted people can use together. To work together regardless of visual disability, participants used the image-processing system and the stereo copying machine to make images tactile. We (...) think that collaborative work with elderly and disabled people in Inclusive Design can teach participants different perspectives and help to correct their biased view of each other. In fact, participants of the workshop noticed several facts that they were not aware of before. That is, the Inclusive Design workshop can improve social awareness. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta la idea de que el ensayo tiene una estética, un estilo literario, pero al tiempo esta estética es un estilo mental que presupone una ética como base. Por tanto, pensamos el ensayo como filosofía. Es más: en la modernidad, la filosofía es ensayística. Esta filosofía del ensayo tiene cinco características principales que son inseparables entre sí. El ensayo se basa en el mundo de la vida y en consecuencia es una filosofía experimental opuesta al sistema racionalista. Esta (...) filosofía es una filosofía de la finitud, antiabsolutista, que defiende la relevancia filosófica del sujeto concreto y real. Finalmente, el ensayo entiende la reflexión crítica como un método de libertad. La filosofía ensayística contiene una ética con todas las reservas que evita tanto el totalitarismo racionalista como el nihilismo esteticista, y que concluye en un pluralismo dialógico. (shrink)

La autora escribe este texto con motivo de la recepción del Premio Internacional N´AITUN, que recientemente le ha sido concedido en Chile. En las páginas que siguen, explica el proceso de gestación del Proyecto ECOARTE que ella dirige y anima junto con un grupo de científicos y artistas. El objetivo fundamental de este proyecto es vincular ciencia y arte en la aventura del conocimiento, para establecer visiones integradas e integradoras del mundo. Todo ello orientado a promover un mayor equilibrio ecológico (...) y una adecuada equidad social.Los principios de un nuevo paradigma interpretativo de la realidad, los aportes de una ciencia con conciencia y con consciencia. Los lenguajes artísticos, son todos ellos parte de este proyecto, en el marco del cual se han realizado diversos seminarios transdisciplinarios, se han editado libros, han tenido lugar exposiciones de poesía y pintura, y se ha elaborado un Manifiesto de científicos y artistas por el desarrollo sostenible. (shrink)

1. En este ensayo voy a explorar un aspecto del consecuencialismo que no debería ser ignorado completamente por las teorías rivales de la ética normativa, a saber, la extensión del ámbito de los individuos afectados por nuestras acciones presentes, y la importancia de tener en cuenta a los mismos. Incluso aquellas teorías rivales que descuentan algunos intereses necesitan una clara comprensión de la naturaleza de los intereses que están dispuestos a desechar. 2. Los intereses afectados incluyen los intereses futuros de (...) personas actuales y de fetos humanos, además de aquellos relativos a criaturas actuales no humanas, y también los de personas futuras y otras criaturas que no pueden ser reconocidos todavía. Las acciones humanas jugarán un importante rol a la hora de determinar no sólo qué humanos existirán, sino incluso qué no-humanos; podemos incluso influir considerablemente en la calidad de vida de todos ellos, y asumir así responsabilidades en relación a los impactos previsibles resultantes de nuestras acciones. 3. En la medida que establezcamos diferencias comparativas y constatables respecto a la calidad de vida de la gente, conviene advertir que no somos menos responsables de los individuos del futuro que del presente. Es más, si aceptamos que los costes previsibles para dentro de un millón de años importan tanto como los costes del mismo tipo en el presente, entonces la escala de nuestras responsabilidades actuales se hace más vasta. 4. Donald Brown ha mostrado cómo hay un fuerte debate entre los diversos intereses humanos a la hora de establecer cuáles han de ser las concentraciones de gas invernadero en la atmósfera; dicho debate ha sido reanima" do aún más por consideraciones biocéntricas y/o ecocéntricas. Pace Brown, una aproximación biocéntrica puede contra" pesar intereses humanos con intereses no humanos, y no tendría por qué prohibir todas las extinciones de especies; pero de hecho esta aproximación no podría justificar de ningún modo el incremento de las concentraciones de gases invernadero. Las emisiones requeridas para el desarrollo del Tercer Mundo necesitan ser contrapesadas con la reducción de emisiones en los países desarrollados. El consecuencialismo biocéntrico genera así políticas defendibles. También, como Brown subraya, los países desarrollados tienen obligación de apoyar un estricto acuerdo internacional sobre el cambio climático, con cuotas nacionales basadas en habilitaciones a una igual cantidad de emisiones per capita para todo planeta. (shrink)

Neste artigo pretendemos analisar a maneia pela qual o filósofo francês Jean-Paul Sartre modaliza, a partir da psicanálise existencial elaborada em L’être et le néant, sua biografia existencial sobre o poeta Charles Baudelaire. Em Baudelaire, seremos capazes de localizar os prolegômenos a toda biografia existencial sartreana futura, isto é, o modus operandi de investigação/escrita biográfica de Sartre.

La Sentencia 31 plantea una paradoja: el efecto permanece en su causa, pero al mismo tiempo la causa está “en todas partes y en ninguna” en su efecto. Nos centraremos en el análisis de la teoría del πανταχοῦ καὶ οὐδαμοῦ, deteniéndonos en la lectura porfiriana del argumento plotiniano de la anterioridad causal del Uno respecto a lo múltiple (III, 9 [13] 4, 1-9; V I 4 [22] 3), aplicado a Dios, al Intelecto y al Alma.

A ambiguidade do humor torna-o capaz de desvendar a verdade para lá da peta, do ópio, do fingimento, da falsidade – cada um destes sinónimos de mentira está presente, com subtis gradações, nos periódicos de José Daniel Rodrigues da Costa. O próprio conceito de mentira suscita reflexão e é questionado na sua relação com a verdade: “Com toda a certeza, se não for mentira.” O exagero das petas com que “tempera” as verdades chama a atenção dos leitores para a (...) “verdade encoberta” sob as convenções das práticas sociais, numa dialéctica do ser com o dever ser, do moral com o amoral, na fronteira entre o lícito e o ilícito nas últimas décadas do Estado absolutista e no dealbar do liberalismo. O estudo do humor, dos seus limites e do seu lugar nos periódicos na viragem do século XVIII para o XIX é uma das muitas formas da história das ideias. (shrink)

La cuestión ambiental puede considerarse, sin dudas, el giro político de nuestro tiempo. En todo el mundo, las escenas de devastación de ecosistemas y ambientes pero, sobre todo, la desigualdad con que esa destrucción impacta en las vidas de las personas, hacen que la injusticia ambiental no pueda ya entenderse separada de la cuestión social. Distintas formas de organización y activismo popular estan alcanzando alcanzando creciente visibilidad al alzar sus voces para mostrar que el desastre ecológico no es una fatalidad, (...) sino una elección política. Este libro se dedica a hacer un análisis exhaustivo de los principales conflictos ambientales de las últimas décadas en América Latina. A través del relato de casos como la controversia por la contaminación de la cuenca de los ríos Matanza-Riachuelo, las pasteras en el río Uruguay, el movimiento de pueblos fumigados en la Argentina, el conflicto por un proyecto minero en Peru, la guerra del agua en Bolivia la lucha por la preservación de los paramos en Colombio, o el movimiento de mujeres en 'zonas de sacrificio' en Chile, la autora traza las líneas que unen el activismo ambiental entoda la región: de las acciones públicas de reclamo a la organizacion, de la producción de conocimiento local a la construcción de modos de gestión colectiva de lo común. Pero, sobre todo, plantea formas novedosas de entender el problema ambiental, que incluyen alternativas al modelo del capitalismo extractivo y formas de convivencia con las especies no humanas. La pregunta que la autora pone de relieve es estructural y nos interpela: el crecimiento económico, la rentabilidad o la captación de divisas para estabilizar la economía pueden ser criterios de valor equivalentes a la defensa del agua, del modo de vida local o de la salud de las personas? Así, este libro viene a sumarse a una línea de trabajo en plena construcción en la región, que reúne solidez académica con compromiso político con las luchas sociales y ambientales. Como estas páginas dejan en evidencia, las batallas por una vida digna que se estan librando ahora mismo en todo el planeta confirman que, cuando se piensa la justicia ambiental 'desde abajo', otros mundos son posibles. (shrink)

Propõe-se nesta tese analisar como as narrativas sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein no deserto de Karbala no ano 680 d.C, pode constituir um tipo de pedagogia, entre os xiitas, e como essa pode influenciar a construção de um tipo de identidade entre eles. Estruturada em cinco capítulos, buscou-se compreender e interpretar a construção da identidade xiita, como religiosa e política, a partir do ensino e aprendizagem da narrativa sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein. Através da pesquisa de campo no (...) Brasil e no Líbano, objetivou-se verificar e compreender como a comunidade xiita ensina e aprende sobre o martírio ocorrido em Karbala. Utilizando-se da metodologia da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados verificou-se, através da observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturas, as mobilizações e desdobramentos que o ensino da narrativa sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein gera nessas comunidades. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram norteadas por três eixos temáticos: 1) a respeito do aprendizado sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein; 2) a respeito do conceito de martírio no Islã; 3) a respeito da importância da narrativa sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein para a comunidade muçulmana xiita e para a sociedade em geral. As entrevistas e as observações do tipo participante foram realizadas na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, no Brasil, e, no Líbano, na cidade de Beirute e na Aldeia de Mhabib. Família, religião e escola, foram as três instituições de formação de longa duração escolhidas para observação e análise sobre o ensino e aprendizagem dessa narrativa. Interpretou-se que, no momento da lembrança do martírio de Imam Hussein, seja através da celebração anual de seu martírio, seja através do ensino compartilhado, ocorre uma identificação com o sofrimento de Imam Hussein que leva à manutenção e preservação de valores contidos na narrativa. Tais valores são a base para a identificação do grupo, de forma religiosa como xiitas e política como resistentes. Compreendeu-se nessa pesquisa que as três instituições são responsáveis pelo ensino e manutenção dessa narrativa, sendo a instituição família, a primeira instituição a compartilhar e manter esse ensino. Conclui-se que as narrativas sobre o martírio de Imam Hussein e seus companheiros influenciam na construção de um determinado tipo de identidade que se apresenta como religiosa e política. Apesar das distintas formas de ensino e apreensão da narrativa sobre o martírio, pode-se dizer que há uma base comum que permite a utilização dessa como conteúdo pedagógico que alimenta a construção de práticas que dão forma a identidade específica. (shrink)

La presente intervención va constar de dos partes. En la primera, trataré de desentrañar aquello que al decir de Husserl es lo propio y definitorio de la cultura Europea, es decir, aquello que caracterizaría su identidad y la diferenciaría de las demás culturas: el descubrimiento de la universalidad en sentido estricto. O dicho de otro modo, para Husserl, aquello que es peculiar de la cultura occidental es su pretensión de conducir la vida de los humanos según una idea de racionalidad (...) universal. Esta nueva manera de mirar el mundo, que se articula y desarrolla por primera vez en un discurso coherente en Grecia de la mano de la filosofia, será para el padre de la fenomenología un acontecimiento epocal que no sólo singulariza a la cultura Europea frente a cualquier otra, sino que la convertirá en el telas de la humanidad, en el fin al que todas las culturas deben tender si en algún momento pretende alcanzarse una convivencia harmónica entre los humanos. En este sentido, el viejo de maestro de Prostnitz sostendrá, en expresa contraposición al padre de la historia moderna, el gran Otto von Ranke, que no todas las épocas históricas ni todas las culturas son iguales ante Dios, es decir, que la tesis relativista tan en boga hoy en día según la cual todas las tradiciones o formas de vida son equiparables y no pueden ser evaluadas más que dentro de propios y peculiares parámetros es incorrecta y contraria, frente a lo que se pudiera pensar, al ideal de tolerancia. En la segunda parte de la ponencia, y tomando como base un conocido texto de Derrida, se abordará una acusación que frecuentemente se le hace a la fenomenología Husserliana a la luz de la tesis precedente: la de ser un pensamiento eurocéntrico. Contra semejante aseveración, se intentará mostrar que el supuesto imperialismo eurocéntrico husserliano no es· otra cosa que una defensa de la razón común. Y ello, frente a los intentos de imponer la particularidad de cualquier cultura, sobre todo la europea fáctica, como norma universal. (shrink)

ARAGÃO, Ivan Rêgo. “ Vinde todas as pessoas, e vede a minha dor ”: A Festa/Procissão ao Nosso Senhor dos Passos como Atrativo Potencial Turístico em São Cristóvão-Sergipe-Brasil. 2012. 198f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Cultura e Turismo – Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus-BA. Palavras-chave: Turismo Cultural-Religioso Católico. Religiosidade Popular. Festa do Senhor dos Passos. Keywords: Catholic Religious-Cultural Tourism. Popular Religiosity. Party of Lord of the Steps.