Joan CADDEN PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE PLACE OF THE PROBLEMATA IN MEDIEVAL LEARNING Où se trouvèrent les Problemata dans la taxonomie des connaissances ...

We argue that in extensive decision problems (extensive games with a single player) with imperfect recall care must be taken in interpreting information sets and strategies. Alternative interpretations allow for different kinds of analysis. We address the following issues: 1. randomization at information sets; 2. consistent beliefs; 3. time consistency of optimal plans; 4. the multiselves approach to decision making. We illustrate our discussion through an example that we call the ‘‘paradox of the absentminded driver.’’ Journal of Economic Literature Classification (...) Numbers: C7, D0. 1997 Academic Press. (shrink)

In English, deictic verbs of motion, such ascomecan encode the perspective of the speaker, or another individual, such as the addressee or a narrative protagonist, at a salient reference time and location, in the form of an indexical presupposition. By contrast, Spanish has been claimed to have stricter requirements on licensing conditions forvenir(“to come”), only allowing speaker perspective. An open question is how a bilingual learner acquiring both English and Spanish reconciles these diverging language-specific restrictions. We face this question head (...) on by investigating narrative productions of young Spanish-English bilingual heritage speakers of Spanish, in comparison to English monolingual and Spanish dominant adults and children. We find that the young heritage speakers producevenirin linguistic contexts where most Spanish adult speakersdo not, but where English monolingual speakersdo, and also resemble those of young monolingual Spanish speakers of at least one other Spanish dialect, leading us to generate two mutually-exclusive hypotheses: (a) the encoding of speaker perspective in the young heritage children is cross-linguistically influenced by the more flexible and dominant language (English), resulting in a wider range of productions by these malleable young speakers than the Spanish grammar actually allows, or (b) the young Spanish speakers are exhibiting productions that are in fact licensed in the grammar, but which are pruned away in the adult productions, being supplanted by other forms as the lexicon is enriched. Given independent evidence of the heritage speakers' robust Spanish linguistic competence, we turn to systematically-collected acceptability judgments of three dialectal varieties of monolingual adult Spanish speakers of the distribution of perspective-taking verbs, to assess their competence and adjudicate between (a) and (b). We find that adultsaccept venirin contexts in which they do notproduceit, leading us to argue that (a)venirisnotobligatorily speaker-oriented in Spanish, as has been claimed, (b) adults may not producevenirin these contexts because they instead select more specific motion verbs, and (c) for heritage bilingual children, the more dominant language (English) may support the grammatically licensed but lexically-constrained productions in Spanish. (shrink)

El presente ensayo examina la relación entre los conceptos de vida y de poder, teniendo presentes posiciones fundamentales en la historia de la filosofía, con particular atención a algunos escritos de Kelsen y Schmitt La finalidad es de evidenciar cómo la fuerza de la vida y el poder sobre la vida exigen ser integrados y complementados en estructuras conceptuales y teóricas más amplias y más orgánicas, para evitar unilateralidades y aporías. Resulta que una posición meramente vitalista corre el riesgo de (...) negarse a sí misma e invoca una norma, que, a su vez, sea capaz de reclamar un orden constitutivo, no fruto exclusivo del arbitrio, sino dotado de una intrínseca inteligibilidad, en modo de actuar un enlace y una conexión entre la dimensión natural y el horizonte personal, en el cual la vida se eleva a la consciencia y a la libertad responsable. El reclamo al ethos quiere, entonces, organizar los niveles de la vida, del poder sobre ella y de las normas para regularlo en una perspectiva completa, en la cual el momento subjetivo y aquel objetivo se impliquen recíprocamente, en modo de evitar tanto formas de imposición extraña, percibidas como heterónomas, como la exaltación de la opción arbitraria, asumida como única regla. El último paso lleva a ensanchar el discurso del ámbito humano a aquel de la realidad completa, para subrayar cómo naturaleza y persona puedan ser conexas, si como fundamento último está un Logos creador y ordenador, una Inteligencia creadora, capaz de hacer posible una verdad de las cosas a un nivel primariamente ontológico. El camino conceptual desarrollado busca delinear, en tal modo, un proceso, al mismo tiempo teórico y real, en el cual las posibilidades de la técnica en relación a la vida y a la vida humana no sean confiadas a la mera casualidad de elecciones arbitrarias y de opciones prometeicas, sino sean colocadas en un más amplio horizonte ontológico, dotado de intrinseca inteligibilidad y finalidad, y por tanto capaz de unir, a un nivel más alto y más profundo, naturaleza y cultura, orden objetivo y proyectualidad personal, libertad y responsabilidad. (shrink)

The subject of this paper is Rudolf Hermann Lotze’s concept of Geltung as him outlines it in the second Logik. This paper, through the notions of gnoseological immanentism and anti-psychologism, aims to shed light on the notion of validity. The Geltung’s concept is very interesting not only for the role that it plays in Lotze’s philosophy, but also for the importance that Lotze’s validityhas in the philosophical debate until the 1930s.

This article explores the methodological obstacles to research on wartime sexual violence and the extent to which they can be overcome with archival research. It discusses issues of concept formation, counting victims of human rights abuse, and coding violations. It compares figures from the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's final report, an analysis of the Commission's published materials, and an analysis of the primary documents and finds that the number of reported cases of sexual violence is significantly higher than the (...) 538 cited by the Commission, men were more often the targets of sexual violence than previously thought, and sexual humiliation and sexual torture were common practices during the war. (shrink)

Even before Nietzsche, Stirner opened a crak inside the metaphysical western tradition, that always considered life as something that must be judged, understood and evaluated, and that used knowledge as the instrument to go deep in the truth of being. In The Ego and His Own we attend the attempt to reverse this tradition: thinking does not have the function to conceive and found what is «real», but it does make tough and assure the loss of concerns. The unbelief and (...) the loss of concerns are the elements of Stirner’s spectrology that, instead of imposing the laws of real life, it begins to fight «new battles» against the huge and horrible shadow of God. One of these battles, the one Stirner hard devote himself to, is the «Man’s death». Normal 0 14 false false false IT X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabella normale"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}. (shrink)

We analyse the implications of classical liberal and libertarian approaches for distributive justice in the context of social welfare orderings. We study an axiom capturing a liberal non-interfering view of society, the Weak Harm Principle, whose roots can be traced back to John Stuart Mill. We show that liberal views of individual autonomy and freedom can provide consistent foundations for welfare judgements. In particular, a liberal non-interfering approach can help to adjudicate some fundamental distributive issues relative to intergenerational justice. However, (...) a strong relation is established between liberal views of individual autonomy and non-interference, and egalitarian principles in the Rawlsian tradition. (shrink)

Prenatal screening can significantly benefit parents and the community. However, it has created a dilemma for women as it requires them to quickly decide whether to continue a pregnancy or terminate it should the test indicate a foetal abnormality. This can be psychologically traumatic for women torn between their connection to an unborn child with all its possible imperfections, and a desire to prevent its suffering as a disabled child in later life. A woman must also consider her own and (...) her family's future welfare. Extensive research into the physical aspects of prenatal screening has not explored the meaning of the experience for women or whether termination is the most appropriate option. This article examines recent qualitative studies, concluding that women who terminate a pregnancy following prenatal screening may experience an acute grief reaction or be plagued by guilt and fear that can precipitate marital breakdown. Additionally, there is a risk that through striving to eradicate congenital disability, a community risks promoting a cult of perfectionism that may have discriminatory effects on disabled people. (shrink)

This article argues that beneath the veneer of legitimacy in the organ, tissue, and body part transplantation systems exists a horrifying history of human commodification whose vestiges surprisingly linger in contemporary supply and allocation systems. This history, as the Article demonstrates, dates back to the colonial period in the United States, where “grave robbing” became an important feature in the advancement of medicine. This legacy lives on.

In the present contribution I would like to examine some theories of the ontology of abstract entities that take inspiration from the deep insights of Gottlob Frege. These theories develop in full details some ideas explicitly or implicitly articulated in Frege’s works and try to defend a sophisticated version of Platonism about abstract entities. The review of such theories should allow us to cast light on their merits and their possible flaws and, moreover, to determine which of them is the (...) more promising justification of such Platonism. (shrink)

Long considered as an economic giant and a political dwarf, Japan begins to solve this paradox by acquiring a political weight on the international scene. lts diplomacy remains non-assertive and its military role limited. But it has an increasing influence on the structure of the world economy by the size of its GNP, the composition and spread of its external economy and its capital ftows, and by the impact of its industrial policy on the international division of labour. The growing (...) macroeconomic and financial interdependence between the US and Japan has an incidence on defence high technology and on the transfert of resources to the Third World. Japan's new status as a world power is acknowledged even by Gorbachov's « Eastern » policy. Japan's case weakens the assumption of the realist paradigm of international relations theory that power and interdependence are incompatible. (shrink)

Abstract:Considering diverse approaches made to investigate modalities of spatial thinking through the discipline of a Fine Art drawing practice, this paper aims to prospect for embodied strategies so as to address spatial drawing concerns, responding to a conversation between the body present and a set of waypoints used to explore developments of spatial thinking and its relational turn within arts practice. Methodologies of walking and drawing are employed to encounter the land, mindful of Frédérique Gros' observation that the landscape is (...) a set of tastes, colours and scents which are absorbable by the body, in this instance, absorbed through my walking gendered body. (shrink)

Most guidelines and proposalsfor Internet research ethics are based onregulations for human subjects research. In therelated research, Internet material is viewedas animate and described as people. Humanitiesresearchers have rarely been a part of thedebate about Internet research ethics and thepractices of these scholars have not been takeninto consideration when drafting most of theguidelines. This threatens to limit the kindsof Internet research that can be performed – critical strategies are particularlydiscouraged – and the ways that researchers andother users understand the Internet.Researchers (...) who use human subjects models havenot fully acknowledged computer mediation, theconstructed aspects of Internetrepresentations, and the screen. If we viewInternet material as cultural production thenthe models for Internet research would be ArtHistory and Visual Culture, English andLiterary Studies, Film and Media Studies, Musicand Sound Studies, and Theatre and PerformanceStudies. A more complete integration of theseapproaches into Internet Studies – either as asole investigatory strategy or in tandem withother forms of inquiry – would changeresearchers' ethical questions. It would alsoshow instances in which human subjectsguidelines do not apply to complex Internetmaterial. It is imperative to demonstrate thatInternet material is not people because thisconception makes highly constructed words andimages seem natural and stereotypedrepresentations appear to be real. (shrink)

_Screening the City_ Edited by Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice London: Verso, 2003 ISBN 1-85984-476-6 312 pp.