La injusticia epistémica significa desacreditar a alguien en su capacidad de sujeto de conocimiento. En las instituciones psiquiátricas se filtran los sesgos y prejuicios, las injusticias e inequidades del conjunto de la sociedad. Las personas diagnosticadas con problemas de « salud mental» suelen ser estereotipadas negativamente y desacreditadas cognoscitivamente. En este artículo analizamos este tema a través del documental uruguayo Locura al aire (2018), basado en una experiencia radial que surgió en una institución psiquiátrica de Montevideo liderada por un grupo (...) de pacientes ambulatorios y de psicólogos con autonomía de la institución. La invitación a participar en el primer encuentro de «radios locas» en México es la excusa para la realización de este documental donde exploramos las injusticias testimoniales y hermenéuticas y visibilizamos el ineludible lugar del cuerpo y las emociones en la producción de conocimiento. La experiencia de la radio Vilardevoz expresa un modo de contrarrestar y resistir al estigma y la agencia disminuida que suelen experimentar los pacientes psiquiátricos, reivindicando así un espacio epistémico alternativo. En primer lugar, nos detendremos en la injusticia como norma del sistema médico, luego en la radio Vilardevoz como espacio de resistencia epistémica y finalizamos con algunas reflexiones sobre este espacio comunitario. Palabras clave: Injusticia epistémica, emociones, resistencia, Vilardevoz. (shrink)

En este artículo nos centramos en la consideración de las injusticias epistémicas como emociones público-privadas para enfrentar la injusticia epistémica estructural. Partimos de la propuesta de Judith Shklar, quien critica a la concepción tradicional centrada en la justicia que entiende a las injusticias como una falla del modelo. En esta línea, revisamos la propuesta de Miranda Fricker sobre la injusticia epistémica como injusticia estructural, conceptualización que complejizamos a partir de los aportes de Sally Haslanger. Luego, a partir del planteo de (...) Sarah Ahmed, nos centramos en la dimensión social y a la vez individual de las emociones, entendidas como prácticas sociales y culturales. Desde este abordaje, destacamos el valor epistémico de las emociones socialmente valoradas como negativas, cuyo saber ha sido infravalorado a lo largo de la historia por la epistemología tradicional. En este sentido es que entendemos a la injusticia epistémica como emoción público-privada. Para finalizar, sumamos a este enfoque la propuesta de las estructuras del sentir de Raymond Williams, para profundizar en el análisis de la injusticia epistémica estructural desde esta propuesta entendiendo a las injusticias epistémicas como emociones público-privadas que emergen como sentir epocal. (shrink)

Bioethicists involved in end‐of‐life debates routinely distinguish between ‘killing’ and ‘letting die’. Meanwhile, previous work in cognitive science has revealed that when people characterize behaviour as either actively ‘doing’ or passively ‘allowing’, they do so not purely on descriptive grounds, but also as a function of the behaviour’s perceived morality. In the present report, we extend this line of research by examining how medical students and professionals (N = 184) and laypeople (N = 122) describe physicians’ behaviour in end‐of‐life scenarios. (...) We show that the distinction between ‘ending’ a patient’s life and ‘allowing’ it to end arises from morally motivated causal selection. That is, when a patient wishes to die, her illness is treated as the cause of death and the doctor is seen as merely allowing her life to end. In contrast, when a patient does not wish to die, the doctor’s behaviour is treated as the cause of death and, consequently, the doctor is described as ending the patient’s life. This effect emerged regardless of whether the doctor’s behaviour was omissive (as in withholding treatment) or commissive (as in applying a lethal injection). In other words, patient consent shapes causal selection in end‐of‐life situations, and in turn determines whether physicians are seen as ‘killing’ patients, or merely as ‘enabling’ their death. (shrink)

Emotional stimuli (e.g. words, images) are often remembered better than neutral stimuli. However, little is known about how memory is affected by an environmentally induced emotional state (without any overtly emotional occurrences) – the focus of this study. Participants were randomly assigned to discovery (n = 305) and replication (n = 306) subsamples and viewed a desktop virtual environment before rating their emotions and completing objective (i.e. item, temporal-order, duration) and subjective (e.g. vividness, sensory detail, coherence) memory measures. In both (...) samples, a Partial Least Squares Correlation analysis showed that an emotional state characterised by high negative emotion (i.e. threat, fear, anxiety) and arousal was reliably associated with better memory in both objective (i.e. item) and subjective (i.e. vividness and sensory detail) domains. No reliable associations were observed for any temporal memory measures (objective or subjective). Thus, an environmentally induced state of negative emotion corresponds with enhanced memory for indices of episodic memory pertaining to “what” happened, but not necessarily “when” it happened. (shrink)

La internacionalización de las economías exige de los gobiernos el fortalecimiento de las relaciones comerciales con otros países en todo el planeta. Las herramientas más utilizadas en las últimas décadas han sido los tratados de libre comercio que, además de la desgravación total o parcial y progresiva, implican cambios en las condiciones internas relativas a la normatividad aplicada, con el ánimo de facilitar las relaciones de comercio, la búsqueda de un lenguaje aduanero común, así como la estandarización de las operaciones (...) aduaneras. Es una exigencia cada vez mayor que obliga a que se hagan ajustes a los procesos y procedimientos internos; aunado a ello, están los organismos multilaterales a los que cada vez se unen más países, con el propósito de buscar mejores condiciones económicas, políticas y sociales para sus administrados, pero es necesario prestar atención a las afectaciones que tales exigencias e implementaciones presuponen no solo en el ordenamiento interno, sino en la aplicación misma de las normas. (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 8, Page W4-W6, August 2011.

Background Consent policies for post-mortem organ procurement (OP) vary throughout Europe, and yet no studies have empirically evaluated the ethical implications of contrasting consent models. To fill this gap, we introduce a novel indicator of governance quality based on the ideal of informed support, and examine national differences on this measure through a quantitative survey of OP policy informedness and preferences in seven European countries. -/- Methods Between 2017–2019, we conducted a convenience sample survey of students (n = 2006) in (...) Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Slovenia (SI) and Spain (ES), asking participants about their donation preferences, as well as their beliefs and views about the policy in place. From these measures, we computed indices of informedness, policy support, and fulfilment of unexpressed preferences, which we compared across countries and consent systems. -/- Results Our study introduces a tool for analyzing policy governance in the context of OP. Wide variation in policy awareness was observed: Most respondents in DK, DE, AT and BE correctly identified the policy in place, while those in SI, GR and ES did not. Respondents in opt-out countries (AT, BE, ES and GR) tended to support the policy in place (with one exception, i.e., SI), whereas those in opt-in countries (DE and DK) overwhelmingly opposed it. These results reveal stark differences in governance quality across countries and consent policies: We found a preponderance of informed opposition in opt-in countries and a general tendency towards support–either informed or uninformed–in opt-out countries. We also found informed divergence in opt-in countries and a tendency for convergence–either informed or uninformed–among opt-out countries. -/- Conclusion Our study offers a novel tool for analyzing governance quality and illustrates, in the context of OP, how the strengths and weaknesses of different policy implementations can be estimated and compared using quantitative survey data. (shrink)

Con el objetivo de evidenciar la forma en que la diversidad sociodemográfica ha resignificado el proceso de desarrollo territorial y origina líneas de fuga que trascienden la hegemonía de los poderes económicos-políticos-ambientales en los Llanos-Orientales, se realiza una metodología experimental que combina análisis situacionales, la genealogía, y la reconstrucción histórica de fenómenos sociales a través de 87 entrevistas a líderes sociales entre el 2019-2021. Los resultados muestran un territorio de activa conexión cultural que favorecen la lucha contra hegemónica dentro de (...) las metáforas de “el mito del Estado nación” y “la imposibilidad de generar alternativas”. El análisis expone la existencia de rebeliones de conducta a través de resistencias cotidianas creativas, políticas y culturales, que favorecen el poder de la confianza, la solidaridad, la cooperación, el afecto, así como los liderazgos colectivos. Se concluye que el poder central no tiene la capacidad de capturar estas resistencias ya que no tiene la potencia analítica para percibir la reconfiguración del espíritu humano ni las variaciones del tejido social. (shrink)

This book offers a theoretical and practical overview of the specific ethical and legal issues in pediatric organ transplantation. Written by a team of leading experts, Ethical Issues in Pediatric Organ Transplantation addresses those difficult ethical questions concerning clinical, organizational, legal and policy issues including donor, recipient and allocation issues. Challenging topics, including children as donors, donation after cardiac death, misattributed paternity, familial conflicts of interest, developmental disability as a listing criteria, small bowel transplant, and considerations in navigating the media (...) are discussed. It serves as a fundamental handbook and resource for pediatricians, transplant health care professionals, trainees, graduate students, scholars, practitioners of bioethics and health policy makers. (shrink)

Despite continuing controversies regarding the vital status of both brain-dead donors and individuals who undergo donation after circulatory death (DCD), respecting the dead donor rule (DDR) remains the standard moral framework for organ procurement. The DDR increases organ supply without jeopardizing trust in transplantation systems, reassuring society that donors will not experience harm during organ procurement. While the assumption that individuals cannot be harmed once they are dead is reasonable in the case of brain-dead protocols, we argue that the DDR (...) is not an acceptable strategy to protect donors from harm in DCD protocols. We propose a threefold alternative to justify organ procurement practices: (1) ensuring that donors are sufficiently protected from harm; (2) ensuring that they are respected through informed consent; and (3) ensuring that society is fully informed of the inherently debatable nature of any criterion to declare death. (shrink)

Título: Didáctica de geografía e historia en educación primaria Autor: Laura Arias Ferrer y Alejandro Egea Vivancos Edición: Editorial Síntesis Lugar de publicación: Madrid Año: 2022 Idioma: Español ISBN: 978-84-1357-231-4 Páginas: 198.

Feminist reflections on the sexual division of labour have given rise to a body of knowledge on the ethics of care from different disciplines, including philosophy, in which outstanding contributions to the topic have been formulated. This approach is applicable to the analysis of any phenomenon and particularly that of disasters. As various investigations have highlighted, the consequences on the population throughout all of a disaster’s phases (prevention, emergency, and reconstruction) require an analysis of differentiated vulnerabilities based on gender and (...) other identity categories, such as social class, ethnicity, age, disability, sexual identity, etc. The interrelation between all these variables gives rise to differentiated impacts that cannot be ignored in catastrophic contexts, where survival and sustaining life are at stake, so care becomes a central issue. Research on the topic has also identified that, along with the analysis of social vulnerability, we must consider the capacity for agency, both individual and collective, where care is once again of vital importance. Considering the gender approach and its multiple intersections is thus a fundamental theoretical-practical proposal for the study of disasters from philosophy, as it implies an unavoidable epistemic, ontological, and ethical reflection in the face of risk reduction. (shrink)

Since the 1960s, organ procurement policies have relied on the boundary of death—advertised as though it were a factual, value‐free, and unobjectionable event—to foster organ donation while minimizing controversy. Death determination, however, involves both discoveries of facts and events and decisions about their meaning (whether the facts and events are relevant to establish a vital status), the latter being subjected to legitimate disagreements requiring deliberation. By revisiting the historical origin of the dead donor rule, including some events that took place (...) in France prior to the report by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death, I want to recall that those who first promoted the DDR did not take into account any scientific rationale to support the new proposed criteria to determine death. Rather, through a process of factual re‐semantization, they authorized themselves to decide about the meaning of death in order to implicitly prioritize the interests of organ recipients over those of dying people. (shrink)

1. Cine y vanguardias : el cine como promesa estético-política desde Dziga Vertov y Jean Epstein -- 2. Deleuze y las potencias del cine : el acontecimiento de lo inorgánico -- 3. De la vida inorgánica a la vida histórica : recuperación del carácter narrativo del cine a partir de Jacques Ranciere.

Since the early 1980s, James Bernat’s scholarship has accompanied and shaped most scientific and policy developments on death determination. In 1981, he, Charles Culver, and Bernard Gert provided a...

This commentary takes up a challenge posed by Franklin Miller in a 2022 essay in Bioethics Forum. Dr. Miller queried whether bioethicists could be useful in public health policy contexts and while he refrained from issuing an ultimate opinion, did identify several challenges to such utility. The current piece responds to the challenges Dr. Miller identifies and argues that with appropriate training, public health ethicists can be of service in virtually any context in which public health policies are deliberated and (...) decided. (shrink)

Partiendo, de un lado, de la idea de que la especulación es, para el gnóstico, el espejo en el que se reflejan los misterios divinos, cuyo eco percibe a su vez la razón discursiva (que, por lo mismo, no puede quererse fuente ni de su método ni de su lenguaje), y partiendo, de otro, de la exploración intralingüística o gramatosófica emprendida (a partir de tales premisas) por el gnóstico andalusí Ibn al-'ArabÌ, ofrecemos al lector una traducción comentada de una breve (...) sección del penúltimo capítulo de Las Revelaciones de La Meca, su principal obra. Nos centraremos, a tal fin, en las diferentes modulaciones morfológicas y semánticas de la raíz árabe W-D-D, que da lugar al Nombre divino al-Wadñd y que permite una original comprensión de la realidad del amor, su génesis, sus diferentes estados, su carácter divino y sus funciones creadora, cosmológica y antropológica. (shrink)

Automated legal reasoning and its application in smart contracts and automated decisions are increasingly attracting interest. In this context, ethical and legal concerns make it necessary for automated reasoners to justify in human-understandable terms the advice given. Logic Programming, specially Answer Set Programming, has a rich semantics and has been used to very concisely express complex knowledge. However, modelling discretionality to act and other vague concepts such as ambiguity cannot be expressed in top-down execution models based on Prolog, and in (...) bottom-up execution models based on ASP the justifications are incomplete and/or not scalable. We propose to use s(CASP), a top-down execution model for predicate ASP, to model vague concepts following a set of patterns. We have implemented a framework, called s(LAW), to model, reason, and justify the applicable legislation and validate it by translating (and benchmarking) a representative use case, the criteria for the admission of students in the “Comunidad de Madrid”. (shrink)

Several studies have explored differences between North American and European doctor patient relationships. They have focused primarily on differences in philosophical traditions and historic and socioeconomic factors between these two regions that might lead to differences in behaviour, as well as divergent concepts in and justifications of medical practice. However, few empirical intercultural studies have been carried out to identify in practice these cultural differences. This lack of standard comparative empirical studies led us to compare differences between France and the (...) USA regarding end-of-life decision-making. We tested certain assertions put forward by bioethicists concerning the impact of culture on the acceptance of advance directives in such decisions. In particular, we compared North American and French intensive care professional's attitudes toward: (1) advance directives, and (2) the role of the family in decisions to withhold or withdraw life-support. (shrink)

El texto que presentamos recoge las principales conclusiones que han derivado de los estudios sobre la Colección de documentos árabes del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Granada. Compuesta principalmente por documentos de carácter jurídico, el análisis del contenido de cada uno de ellos en relación con la materialidad del soporte y las tintas así como la coincidencia en el diseño y planificación de la página revelan el uso de idénticos protocolos de ejecución. Esta investigación nos está permitiendo, además, establecer coincidencias relevantes (...) relacionadas con los procesos de elaboración del papel entre los últimos años de permanencia de los árabes en la Península Ibérica y los primeros tras la incorporación del territorio a la Corona de Castilla y, sobre todo, con el modo de ejecutar el documento de archivo en sus formas externa e interna. (shrink)

Teniendo presente la enseñanza de la teología y cierta renuencia observable en los medios teológicos al trato con la filosofía, el estudio expone en primer lugar la relación ineludible entre filosofía y teología por razón de las coinci-dencias dadas entre ellas a pesar de la diferencia formal de ambas. A continuación, se describe el régimen general de relación entre los dos saberes, relación de tensa complementariedad que se sustan-cia en un circuito dialógico, para abordar después la importancia para el pensamiento (...) teológico de la relación con dos grandes ámbi-tos de la filosofía: el pensamiento metafísico y la antropología. El estudio termina con algunas con-clusiones prácticas referidas a la labor docente sobre la justificación. (shrink)

This study examined health professionals’ (HPs) experience, beliefs and attitudes towards brain death (BD) and two types of donation after circulatory death (DCD)—controlled and uncontrolled DCD. Five hundred and eighty-seven HPs likely to be involved in the process of organ procurement were interviewed in 14 hospitals with transplant programs in France, Spain and the US. Three potential donation scenarios—BD, uncontrolled DCD and controlled DCD—were presented to study subjects during individual face-to-face interviews. Our study has two main findings: (1) In the (...) context of organ procurement, HPs believe that BD is a more reliable standard for determining death than circulatory death, and (2) While the vast majority of HPs consider it morally acceptable to retrieve organs from brain-dead donors, retrieving organs from DCD patients is much more controversial. We offer the following possible explanations. DCD introduces new conditions that deviate from standard medical practice, allow procurement of organs when donors’ loss of circulatory function could be reversed, and raises questions about “death” as a unified concept. Our results suggest that, for many HPs, these concerns seem related in part to the fact that a rigorous brain examination is neither clinically performed nor legally required in DCD. Their discomfort could also come from a belief that irreversible loss of circulatory function has not been adequately demonstrated. If DCD protocols are to achieve their full potential for increasing organ supply, the sources of HPs’ discomfort must be further identified and addressed. (shrink)

Comentario del Proemio de la reciente constitu-ción apostólica Veritatis Gaudiumdel Papa Francisco que ordena los estudios eclesiásticos. Dicho texto introductorio de la Constitución ofrece elementos característicos del ideario del actual Pontífice desde los que plantea con novedad y decisión propuestas importantes de renovación del sistema de los estudios eclesiásticos que merecen ser consideradas con algún detall.

A key issue in the business ethics field is the design of effective measures for assessing the ethical culture of organizations. The Corporate Ethical Virtues Model (CEV), developed by Kaptein in 2008, is an instrument for measuring ethical culture, and has been applied, adapted and validated in different contexts. In 2013, DeBode, Armenakis, Field and Walker developed the CEV–S, a shortened version of the original scale. Both the CEV and CEV–S assess eight dimensions based on corporate ethical virtues: clarity, congruency (...) of supervisors, congruency of senior management, feasibility, supportability, transparency, discussability and sanctionability. The objective of this study is to present a Spanish version of the CEV–S and its validation process. The scale was applied to two samples of 114 and 193 Colombian employees from two companies operating in the services sector. The confirmatory factor analyses revealed a good fit for the eight-factor structure of the Spanish CEV–S and the statistical tests applied showed good levels of reliability and validity for this scale. The adequate psychometric properties shown by the Spanish CEV–S may support its use in future research to measure organizational ethical culture in Spanish-speaking settings. (shrink)

The ever‐increasing demand for organs led Spain, France, and other European countries to promote uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death (uDCDD). For the same reason, New York City has recently developed its own uDCDD protocol, which differs from European programs in some key ways. The New York protocol incorporates a series of technical and management improvements that address some practical problems identified in response to European uDCDD protocols. However, the more fundamental issue of whether uDCDD donors are dead when (...) organs are procured remains problematic for the New York City protocol and, indeed, for all uDCDD protocols. In the United States, two amendments to the legal criteria of death have been suggested to avoid a formal violation of the dead donor rule in DCDD protocols: first, replacing the requirement “irreversible” with the weaker term “permanent,” and second, using the term “circulatory” instead of “cardiac” to identify the key function that must be lost to declare death. While intended to facilitate controlled DCDD, these modifications create a problem for uDCDD protocols: if extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is introduced to preserve the organs, then circulation is restored after death is declared. In this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Kevin Munjal and colleagues call for a new ethical construct and policy so that uncontrolled and controlled DCDD can coexist. (shrink)

La desafección política puede vincularse con la comprobada desconfianza en las instituciones de intermediación más relevantes en las democracias representativas: partidos políticos y medios de comunicación. La relativa cronificación de esta desconfianza se explica por una generalización de disposiciones subjetivas de arrogancia epistémica y de confianza ilusoria, que suponen o bien una renuncia o bien un mal uso de los criterios para evaluar la confidencialidad de las mediaciones. Para diagnosticar las situaciones y valorar posibilidades de respuesta, se propone un análisis (...) fundamentado en el marco teórico de la epistemología de la virtud y de la epistemología social basada en sistemas. Contra las narrativas nostálgicas excepcionalistas sobre la sociedad digitalizada, se apuntará como línea de indagación constructiva al estudio de formas de reelaboración de la confianza que asuman de forma realista la fragmentación del espacio público digitalizado. (shrink)

Considerando el incremento del interés por las emociones en diversos campos de estudio y en la vida cotidiana junto con los importantes avances teóricos de los últimos años, este artículo pretende realizar un análisis y una síntesis de los aspectos teóricos más relevantes para comprender qué es una emoción. Se identifican los diferentes componentes de un episodio emocional, como el sentimiento de la emoción, las expresiones faciales, las tendencias a la acción, entre otros y se analizan las diferentes relaciones causales (...) entre estos componentes que proponen algunas de las teorías más relevantes en la actualidad, como la teoría Neurocultural y la Teoría del Acto Conceptual. Se concluye que las emociones son fenómenos complejos que combinan tanto aspectos biológicos como aspectos culturales y psicológicos, que se relacionan estrechamente con las necesidades psicológicas y con el bienestar. Además, el lenguaje y los procesos de socialización son claves para lograr una educación emocional que facilite la adaptación social y el bienestar de las personas. (shrink)