Although it can be straightforward to define the features of physical traits, complex cultural categories tend to elude widely accepted definitions that transcend cultural and historical context. Addressing papers by Mehr et al. and Savage et al., which both aim to explain music as an evolved trait, we discuss fundamental problems that arise from their conceptualizations of music.

In der 1970 gegründeten Reihe erscheinen Arbeiten, die philosophiehistorische Studien mit einem systematischen Ansatz oder systematische Studien mit philosophiehistorischen Rekonstruktionen verbinden. Neben deutschsprachigen werden auch englischsprachige Monographien veröffentlicht. Gründungsherausgeber sind: Erhard Scheibe (Herausgeber bis 1991), Günther Patzig (bis 1999) und Wolfgang Wieland (bis 2003). Von 1990 bis 2007 wurde die Reihe von Jürgen Mittelstraß mitherausgegeben.

En un ensayo de 2002 Julia Iribarne somete a crítica algunas teorías fenomenológicas sobre el sueño, agregando algunas descripciones de los fenómenos. En este ensayo se evaluará de modo crítico la contribución de Iribarne. En el primer apartado se esbozarán brevemente las principales conclusiones de una fenomenología del sueño tal fueron formuladas desde Husserl a Th. Conrad. En el segundo se contrastará con ellas la crítica de J. Iribarne. En el tercero se examinarán la solidez de sus objeciones antes de (...) intentar, en el último apartado, desde la pregunta central sobre la producción de la realidad en un sueño, formular un resultado que lleva un poco más lejos, pero que igualmente solo puede ser provisional.In a 2002 essay, Julia Iribarne subjected to criticism some phenomenological theories on sleep, adding some descriptions of phenomena. This essay critically evaluates the contribution of Iribarne. In the first section, it briefly outlines the main conclusions of a phenomenology of sleep that were made from Husserl to Th. Conrad. The second, it contrasts these theories with Iribarne's criticism. The third part examines the strength of their objections, before attempting to formulate, in the fourth and final section, from the central question about the production of reality in a sleep, a result that takes a little further, but it also can only be provisional. (shrink)

This paper presents Michael Heller’s notion of “philosophy in science” and re-introduces Michael Heller’s classical text that first presented this concept of philosophy entitled How is “philosophy in science” possible?. The paper discusses the historical context of Heller’s idea as it emerged from the discussions and works of the Krakow philosophical scene and discusses the basic tenants of this philosophy, its analytic character, the role of intellectual tradition in the development of this philosophy, and the critical role played by an (...) interdisciplinary dialogue between philosophy, science, and theology. Despite the idea of philosophy in science having emerged about 40 years ago, this concept still inspires and fuels innovative research. The notion of “philosophy in science” lies at the foundations of the philosophy published in two journals: Philosophical Problems in Science and Philosophy in Science. (shrink)

The present volume contains the lectures and papers given at the 1994 international conference on hermeneutics in Halle (Germany). The conference aimed at a state of the art in the light of recent developments in science and humanities. The place in which the conference was held is renowned for its centuries-old tradition in hermeneutics and among the lectures there are indeed some devoted to this history. For the most part, however, the papers concentrate on present-day problems in fields as different (...) as comparative literature, religious studies, bible exegesis, esthetics, social sciences, intercultural dialogue. The theme of the conference, "strangeness and familiarity", reflects the tension in which any interpretation process is situated and that any theory of interpretation has to account for. The contributions to the volume are in German and French. (shrink)

1;Band 1;4 1.1;Inhalt;6 1.2;Einfuhrung in das Gesamtprojekt;8 1.3;Einfuhrung in den Band 1;26 1.4;Medienpolitik im Zeichen von Demokratisierung, Kontrolle und Teilautonomie;42 1.4.1;Tagespresse im Saargebiet 1918 1945;44 1.4.2;Demokratisierung im inneren Widerspruch;68 1.4.2.1;Franzosische und saarlandische Printmedienpolitik 1945 1955;68 1.4.3;Kirchen, Medien, Offentlichkeiten;108 1.4.3.1;Eine medienpolitische Kirchengeschichte der Saarautonomie 1945 1959;108 1.5;Rundfunk und Fernsehen;134 1.5.1;Die Saarlandmacher;136 1.5.1.1;Der Aufbau des Saarlandischen Rundfunks und die Autonomie des Landes 1946 1955;136 1.5.2;Musik als Anker politischer und medialer Attraktivitat;200 1.5.2.1;Umfang und Grenzen der franzosischen Impulse in der musikalischen Programmgestaltung des Rundfunks (...) an der Saar 1945 1957;200 1.5.3;Horspiel bei Radio Saarbrucken von 1946 bis 1955;224 1.5.4;Die Anfange des kommerziellen Rundfunks im Saarland;248 1.5.4.1;Die Geschichte der Saarlandischen Fernseh AG ;248 1.6;Zeitungslandschaft;316 1.6.1;Die Saarbrucker Zeitung in der saarlandischen Zeitungslandschaft 1945 1955;318 1.6.2;Die Saarproblematik in der Berichterstattung der Saarbrucker Zeitung 1947 1955;352 1.6.2.1;Eine qualitativ-quantitative Analyse von Inhalten und Sparten;352 1.6.3;Parteipresse und Presselandschaft in der Autonomiezeit 1945 1955;380 1.6.4;Die saarlandische Sportpresse im Spannungsfeld von Politik, Identitat und Selbstbehauptung 1945 1960;416 1.6.5;Ja oder Nein?;438 1.6.5.1;Die saarlandischen Zeitungen im Abstimmungskampf 1955;438 1.6.6;Resumee;458 1.7;Abkurzungsverzeichnis;466 1.8;Abbildungsnachweis;470 1.9;Personen- und Medienregister;472 1.10;Detailliertes Inhaltsverzeichnis;484 1.11;ubersicht uber das Gesamtwerk;490 2;Band 2;496 2.1;Inhalt;500 2.2;Einfuhrung in den Band 2;502 2.3;Grundzuge und Strukturen;512 2.3.1;Entscheidungssituationen saarlandischer Medienpolitik;514 2.3.2;Die Struktur der saarlandischen Horfunk-und Fernsehinstitutionen;544 2.3.3;Die Entwicklung der Zeitungslandschaft;572 2.3.4;Monopole, Marktverstopfer, Mitbewerber;612 2.3.4.1;Die Landschaft der Zeitschriften und Anzeigenblatter;612 2.4;Organisations- und Kommunikationsprozesse;644 2.4.1;Binnen- und AuSSenkommunikation beim Saarlandischen Rundfunk;646 2.4.2;Binnen- und AuSSenkommunikation bei der Saarbrucker Zeitung;684 2.4.3;Offentlichkeitsarbeit und offentliche Aktionen;722 2.4.3.1;Saarlandischer Rundfunk, Radio Salu und Saarbrucker Zeitung seit den 1970er Jahren;722 2.4.4;Horerforschung beim Saarlandischen Rundfunk;752 2.5;Berufsorganisation und Berufsbilder;776 2.5.1;Die Entwicklung der Berufsbilder im Horfunk;778 2.5.1.1;Der Saarlandische Rundfunk;778 2.5.2;Die Entwicklung der Berufsbilder im Fernsehjournalismus;822 2.5.2.1;Der Saarlandische Rundfunk;822 2.5.3;Die Veranderungen der Berufsbilder in der Printpresse;864 2.5.3.1;Die Saarbrucker Zeitung;864 2.5.4;Soziale Kommunikation und politische Organisation im saarlandischen Journalismus 1947 2008;892 2.5.5;Resumee;938 2.6;Abkurzungsverzeichnis;946 2.7;Abbildungsnachweis;950 2.8;Personen- und Medienregister;952 2.9;Detailliertes Inhaltsverzeichnis;962 2.10;ubersicht uber das Gesamtwerk;968 3;Band 3;974 3.1;Inhalt;978 3.2;Einfuhrung in den Band 3;980 3.3;Programme und Angebote im Rundfunk;990 3.3.1;Mehr Programm, weniger Inhalt?;992 3.3.1.1;Zur Programmgeschichte der Horfunksparte des Saarlandischen Rundfunks;992 3.3.2;Ein Land ein Sender;1098 3.3.2.1;50 Jahre Programmgeschichte des saarlandischen Fernsehens;1098 3.3.3;Der Aktuelle Bericht im Fernsehen des Saarlandischen Rundfunks 1994 2006;1136 3.4;Inhalte und Angebote in der Printpresse;1158 3.4.1;Die Berichterstattung der Saarbrucker Zeitung im Wandel;1160 3.4.2;Visualisierungsstrategien in der Printpresse;1200 3.4.2.1;Eine quantitative Analyse des Bildmaterials der Saarbrucker Zeitung;1200 3.4.3;Die Wah. (shrink)

Der Beitrag der Mathematik zur Naturwissenschaft besteht darin, Erkenntnisse a priori von den (empirischen) Gegenständen der letzteren zu gewinnen und - unter der Voraussetzung, daß es überhaupt Empirisches gibt - , die Existenz solcher Gegenstände a priori zu sichern. Die Aufgabe der Metaphysik ist es, besondere Begriffe ( in bezug auf die körperliche Natur) zu bilden und die Prinzipien für deren mathematische Konstruktion zu entwickeln. Die so "metaphysischkonstruierten" Begriffe werden dann durch Angabe empirischer Modelle physikalisch interpretiert.

Das kosmologische Denken Eugen Finks verabschiedet sich vom europaischen Verstandnis eines Herrschaftsverhaltnisses des Geistes uber die Natur. Demgegenuber bestimmt Fink im Ruckbezug auf die antike Physis das welthafte Sein des Menschen, sein Wohnen, als eine Existenzweise, die Naturbezug und Dimensionen der Freiheit in sich schliesst. Demzufolge existiert der Mensch als ein Verhaltnis, das sowohl im Einverstandnis mit Elementarvorgangen lebt als auch offen fur seine Selbstgestaltung ist. Die Beitrage klaren diese Neubestimmung des Menschen in der Spannung von Natur und Freiheit und (...) schlagen einen Bogen von Finks fruhem Werk bis hin zu seinen spateren Schriften. (shrink)

This article analyzes the construction of female subjectivity in the specific context of audiovisual cyberspaces in Spain dedicated to the struggle against violence against women. Looking at the YouTube channels of two virtual feminist communities that deal with violence against women, the authors analyze how the victim-subject is configured in terms of agency and activism. The authors adopt a multimodal model of studying the sign complexes of the videos as semiotic artifacts that produce meaning. Sign complexes are always engaged because (...) representation is never neutral because what is represented in sign is meant to realize the values and positions of those who make the sign. In this article, the authors understand feminist activism in the fight against violence targeting women as constructing in its discourse not only the activist process, but also the subject of this activism: the victim-subject of gender-based violence. The analysis engages in the discussion about the various ways in which this subject is interpellated by the audiovisual texts in terms of agency. As a result, this study proposes the necessity to devise new ways of articulating this subject as a political and agential one. (shrink)

Der epistemologische Begriff des Wahren ist mit den moralphilosophischen Begriffen des Guten und des Gesollten unter Gesichtspunkten der Logik vergleichbar. Jeder der Begriffe ist definierbar als eine zweistellige Beziehung zwischen Eigenschaften auf der einen und möglichen Welten auf der anderen Seite. Aus den Definitionen resultieren voneinander abhängige Bedingungen der Existenz des für die Welt Wahren, Guten bzw. Gesollten. Insbesondere gibt es nur dann ein synthetisches Urteil a priori, wenn auch ein strikt allgemeingültiger synthetischer Gebotssatz existiert: Der metaethische Deskriptivismus ist eine (...) Konsequenz der Erkenntnistheorie Kants; die Klasse der Kantischen Welten ist fremd zur Klasse der Hareschen Welten. (shrink)

Philosophy in technology is a research program that studies the philosophical roots of engineering and technology. Technologists, by virtue of their education, believe that the limits, goals, possibilities, and effects of technology on society and humankind are exclusively technological problems, hence their solutions must lie exclusively in technology. In contrast, philosophy in technology asserts that the resolutions to these problems need to be rooted in an understanding of their philosophical origins. This program paper defines the objectives of philosophy in technology, (...) the kinds of questions it explores, the methods it uses, and how it differs from the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

One of the greatest challenges of consciousness research is to understand the relationship between consciousness and its implementing substrate. Current research into the neural correlates of consciousness regards the biological brain as being this substrate, but largely fails to clarify the nature of the brain-consciousness connection. A popular approach within this research is to construe brain-consciousness correlations in causal terms: the neural correlates of consciousness are the causes of states of consciousness. After introducing the notion of the neural correlate of (...) consciousness, we argue (see Against Causal Accounts of NCCs) that this causal strategy is misguided. It implicitly involves an undesirable dualism of matter and mind and should thus be avoided. A non-causal account of the brain-mind correlations is to be preferred. We favor the theory of the identity of mind and brain, according to which states of phenomenal consciousness are identical with their neural correlates. Research into the neural correlates of consciousness and the theory of identity (in the philosophy of mind) are two major research paradigms that hitherto have had very little mutual contact. We aim to demonstrate that they can enrich each other. This is the task of the third part of the paper in which we show that the identity theory must work with a suitably defined concept of type. Surprisingly, neither philosophers nor neuroscientists have taken much care in defining this central concept; more often than not, the term is used only implicitly and vaguely. We attempt to open a debate on this subject and remedy this unhappy state of affairs, proposing a tentative hierarchical classification of phenomenal and neurophysiological types, spanning multiple levels of varying degrees of generality. The fourth part of the paper compares the theory of identity with other prominent conceptions of the mind-body connection. We conclude by stressing that scientists working on consciousness should engage more with metaphysical issues concerning the relation of brain processes and states of consciousness. Without this, the ultimate goals of consciousness research can hardly be fulfilled. (shrink)

In this collection of essays, experts in the field of consciousness research shed light on the intricate relationship between conscious and unconscious states of mind. Advancing the debate on consciousness research, this book puts centre stage the topic of commonalities and differences between conscious and unconscious contents of the mind. The collection of cutting-edge chapters offers a breadth of research perspectives, with some arguing that unconscious states have been unjustly overlooked and deserve recognition for their richness and wide scope. Others (...) contend that significant differences between conscious and unconscious states persist, highlighting the importance of their distinct characteristics. Explorations into the nature of the transition from unconscious to conscious mind further complicate the picture, with some authors questioning whether a sharp divide between unconscious and conscious states truly exists. Delving into ontological, epistemological, and methodological issues, this thought-provoking text challenges established paradigms and paves the way for a reimagining of consciousness research. It does so in an understandable and accessible way, making this a perfect companion to both experts and students of philosophy, psychology, and related fields. (shrink)

Stanisław Lem is mostly known as a sci-fi writer and not widely perceived as a visionary of the cyber age, despite the fact that he foresaw the future of information technology better than most scientific experts. Indeed, his visions of future information-based societies have proved to be remarkably accurate. Lem’s stories fuse together elements of fantasy, philosophy, and science, but what we can really learn from them is the nature of humanity, technology, and philosophy, as well as the values of (...) technological prophecies. Moreover, Lem gave birth to, without naming it as such, the concept of philosophy in technology, which is a perspective on technology and philosophy that explores the deep implicit philosophical foundations of technology and humanity. (shrink)

This article presents the evolution of philosophical and methodological considerations concerning empiricism in computer/computing science. In this study, we trace the most important current events in the history of reflection on computing. The forerunners of Artificial Intelligence H.A. Simon and A. Newell in their paper Computer Science As Empirical Inquiry started these considerations. Later the concept of empirical computer science was developed by S.S. Shapiro, P. Wegner, A.H. Eden and P.J. Denning. They showed various empirical aspects of computing. This led (...) to a view of the science of computing - the science of general scope. Some interesting contemporary ways towards a generalized perspective on computations were also shown. (shrink)

Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter‐acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types (...) of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling‐dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β‐Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady‐state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell‐cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics. (shrink)

The governance of nanotechnology seeks to limit its risks, without constraining opportunities. The literature on the effectiveness of approaches to governance has neglected approaches that impact directly on the behavior of a researcher. We analyze the effectiveness of legal regulations versus regulation via self-commitment. Then, we refine this model by analyzing competition and autonomy as key contingency factors. In the first step, qualitative interviews with nanotechnology researchers are conducted to reflect this model. In the second step, its empirical relevance is (...) tested using a survey of 90 nanotech researchers. The results indicate that legal regulations, as well as self-commitment to an informal CoC reduce the scope of behavior. Finally, that competition and autonomy affect the relative strength of these governance factors. (shrink)

The Polish philosophy of mathematics in the 19th century had its origins in the Romantic period under the influence of the then-predominant idealist philosophies. The decline of Romantic philosophy precipitated changes in general philosophy, but what is less well known is how it triggered changes in the philosophy of mathematics. In this paper, we discuss how the Polish philosophy of mathematics evolved from the metaphysical approach that had been formed during the Romantic era to the more modern positivistic paradigm. These (...) evolutionary changes are attributed to the philosophers Henryk Struve, Antoni Molicki and Julian Ochorowicz, and mathematicians Karol Hertz and Samuel Dickstein. We also show how implicit ideas (i.e., those not declared openly) from the area between the philosophy of science and general philosophy played a crucial role in the paradigm shift in the Polish philosophy of mathematics. (shrink)

This article is an overview of the philosophy of informatics with a special regard to some Polish philosophers. It juxtaposes the informationistic worldview with the long-prevailing mechanical conceptualization of nature before introducing the metaphysical perspective of the information revolution in sciences. The article shows also how ontic pancomputationalism – regarded as an update to structural realism – could enrich the philosophical research in some classical topics. The paper concludes with a discussion of the philosophy of Jan Salamucha, a philosopher from (...) the Cracow Circle whose ideas could be inspiring for today’s philosophy of informatics in Cracow. (shrink)

The Polish philosophy of mathematics in the 19th century is not a well-researched topic. For this period, only five philosophers are usually mentioned, namely Jan Śniadecki, Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Henryk Struve, Samuel Dickstein, and Edward Stamm. This limited and incomplete perspective does not allow us to develop a well-balanced picture of the Polish philosophy of mathematics and gauge its influence on 19th- and 20th-century Polish philosophy in general. To somewhat complete our picture of the history of the Polish philosophy of (...) mathematics in those times, we here present the profiles of some lesser-known Polish Romantic philosophers of the 19th century, namely Karol Libelt, Bronisław Trentowski, and Józef Kremer. We discuss their contributions to the philosophy of mathematics and their metaphysical perspectives, and we also show how their metaphysical ideas have found some continuity in the studies of some Catholic philosophers. (shrink)

Book review: Adam Adamandy Kochański, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Korespondencja Adama Adamandego Kochańskiego i Gottfrieda Wilhelma Leibniza z lat 1670-1698, D. Sieńko, wyd. Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie, Warszawa 2019, ss. 256.

Modelowanie komputerowe odgrywa istotną rolę we współczesnej nauce. Epistemologiczna rola, jaką odgrywają takie modele oraz prowadzone na ich bazie symulacje skłaniają do postawienia pytań o możliwe użycie podobnych metod w filozofii. Pomysły wykorzystania narzędzi matematycznych do sformułowania koncepcji filozoficznych sięgają czasów Barucha Spinozy i Isaaca Newtona. Newtonowska filozofia przyrody stała się przykładem udanego zastosowania matematycznych rozważań do opisu przyrody na poziomie fundamentalnym. Oczywiście podejście Newtona otworzyło zarówno nowe obszary badań w fizyce, jak i stało się źródłem dla nowych rozważań o (...) rzeczywistości fizycznej. Według Michała Hellera niektóre teorie fizyczne można traktować jako specyficzne formalizacje koncepcji filozoficznych. Modelowanie komputerowe w filozofii może być traktowane jako rozszerzenie tej idei, co będę starał się ukazać w niniejszym artykule. Będę również rozważał rolę modelowania komputerowego jako źródła nowych metafor filozoficznych zgodnie z koncepcją technologii definiującej D. J. Boltera. Rozważania te wiodą do konkluzji mówiącej, że w metodologii filozofii zachodzą istotne zmiany. Nowe podejście nie sugeruje odrzucenia bądź zanegowania dotychczasowych metod, a wskazuje raczej nowe narzędzie analityczne filozofii i źródło inspirujących metafor. (shrink)

The paper argues that a coherent strong Phenomenal Intentionality Theory (sPIT) needs to adopt the concept of unconscious phenomenality. sPIT is based on the thesis that phenomenal properties constitute intentional episodes. But if “constitutive” means that without these phenomenal properties, intentional episodes break down, then this poses a serious problem for so-called unconscious intentional occurrent episodes. The dilemma is that sPIT either preserves unconscious intentional states, but then must reject constitutiveness, or conversely, sPIT accepts constitutiveness but must acknowledge unconscious phenomenality. (...) It is argued that the second option – i.e. accepting unconscious phenomenality – offers an interesting way to preserve sPIT. This counterintuitive solution is labeled a “dual model” here. Accepting the dual model not only as a conceptual possibility but as a factual case – supported by conceptual and empirical arguments – could be a plausible proposal for solving the dilemma. (shrink)