Although subsistence hunting is cross-culturally an activity led and practiced mostly by men, a rich body of literature shows that in many small-scale societies women also engage in hunting in varied and often inconspicuous ways. Using data collected among two contemporary forager-horticulturalist societies facing rapid change, we compare the technological and social characteristics of hunting trips led by women and men and analyze the specific socioeconomic characteristics that facilitate or constrain women’s engagement in hunting. Results from interviews on daily activities (...) with 121 Tsimane’ and 159 Baka show that Tsimane’ and Baka women participate in subsistence hunting, albeit using different techniques and in different social contexts than men. We also found differences in the individual and household socioeconomic profiles of Tsimane’ and Baka women who hunt and those who do not hunt. Moreover, the characteristics that differentiate hunter and non-hunter women vary from one society to the other, suggesting that gender roles in relation to hunting are fluid and likely to change, not only across societies, but also as societies change. (shrink)

Women are commonly stereotyped as more risk averse than men in financial decision making. In this paper we examine whether this stereotype reflects gender differences in actual risk-taking behavior by means of a laboratory experiment with monetary incentives. Gender differences in risk taking may be due to differences in valuations of outcomes or in probability weights. The results of our experiment indicate that value functions do not differ significantly between men and women. Men and women differ in their probability weighting (...) schemes, however. In general, women tend to be less sensitive to probability changes. They also tend to underestimate large probabilities of gains more strongly than do men. This effect is particularly pronounced when the decisions are framed in investment terms. As a result, women appear to be more risk averse than men in specific circumstances. (shrink)

Women are commonly stereotyped as more risk averse than men in financial decision making. In this paper we examine whether this stereotype reflects gender differences in actual risk-taking behavior by means of a laboratory experiment with monetary incentives. Gender differences in risk taking may be due to differences in valuations of outcomes or in probability weights. The results of our experiment indicate that value functions do not differ significantly between men and women. Men and women differ in their probability weighting (...) schemes, however. In general, women tend to be less sensitive to probability changes. They also tend to underestimate large probabilities of gains more strongly than do men. This effect is particularly pronounced when the decisions are framed in investment terms. As a result, women appear to be more risk averse than men in specific circumstances. (shrink)

The article presents the painter Stanisław Daczyński, a student of Jan Matejko, who having completed his art studies and leaving Krakow worked at a pottery school in Kolomyia in Pokuttia. There has been scarcely any research conducted about the life of Stanisław Daczyński. The present article is a continuation of the studies on this painter, previously published by the author, and aims to bring him back to the space of the history of Polish culture and bring closer the space in (...) which he functioned. The paper presents the outcome of the research conducted in the Jagiellonian Library and in several Polish archives, as well as information obtained from the author’s own collection. The study method used a historical and anthropological analysis of the source materials. The article reconstructs the social and cultural background of the Pokuttia, where the painter lived and worked. It also outlines his personal and professional life in Kolomyia, Vienna, Bochnia, Zakopane and Krakow. Moreover, it solves the dates of birth and death of the artist and his wife, Stefania Zajączkowska, and identifies the place of their burial. To illustrate the painter’s activity, the article is supplemented with iconography: his drawings and the photographs of him and the places he was associated with. They are meant to complement the presented profile of Stanisław Daczyński and the cultural context of the environment in which he lived and which he influenced. (shrink)

Primary object of interest of mathematicians can be identified as a „mathematical matter”, the concept analogous to „physical matter” or „biological matter”. The „mathematical matter” is the soil upon which mathematics grows. One can distinguish three levels of it: some abstract but not necessarily clear conceptions, operational notions (like number) but not necessarily openly defined, theories not necessarily axiomatic. The „mathematical matter” originates in the abstract reflection upon events and forms in time and space. Its important elements are notions formed (...) mostly in the process of idealization and/or abstraction. Once formed, notions usually evolve being, e.g., simplified or complexified. Mathematics is a mirror of the world, most abstract and therefore fundamental. Although it is a free activity of human mind, mathematics reflects some deep ideas (beauty, simplicity etc.) while most interesting notions come up in tension fields between pairs of poles: the notion of a function can be seen as a bridge connecting variability and immutability, while that of a limit – connecting finiteness and infinity. A fusion of freedom and internal restrictions leads to mathematics which is simple, beautiful and effective. (shrink)

The neural coding metaphor is so ubiquitous that we tend to forget its metaphorical nature. What do we mean when we assert that neurons encode and decode? What kind of causal and representational model of the brain does the metaphor entail? What lies beneath the neural coding metaphor, I argue, is a bureaucratic model of the brain.

“Neural coding” is a popular metaphor in neuroscience, where objective properties of the world are communicated to the brain in the form of spikes. Here I argue that this metaphor is often inappropriate and misleading. First, when neurons are said to encode experimental parameters, the neural code depends on experimental details that are not carried by the coding variable. Thus, the representational power of neural codes is much more limited than generally implied. Second, neural codes carry information only by reference (...) to things with known meaning. In contrast, perceptual systems must build information from relations between sensory signals and actions, forming an internal model. Neural codes are inadequate for this purpose because they are unstructured and therefore unable to represent relations. Third, coding variables are observables tied to the temporality of experiments, whereas spikes are timed actions that mediate coupling in a distributed dynamical system. The coding metaphor tries to fit the dynamic, circular, and distributed causal structure of the brain into a linear chain of transformations between observables, but the two causal structures are incongruent. I conclude that the neural coding metaphor cannot provide a valid basis for theories of brain function, because it is incompatible with both the causal structure of the brain and the representational requirements of cognition. (shrink)

The main result of the paper states that there is a finitely presented group _G_ with decidable word problem where detection of finite subsets of _G_ which generate amenable subgroups is not decidable.

Résumé Le formalisme relève d’une vision unilatérale et dualiste qui lutte contre les formes. La forme est vivante comme désir conscient et inconscient, matière, couleur, rythme, métamorphose, Gestaltung énergétique et érotique au sens de Klee. Ces perspectives semblent échapper à nombre de théoriciens qui la figent dans ses oppositions traditionnelles avec le contenu et la matière. Refoulant l’événement sensible et corporel qu’elle constitue, les uns l’assimilent au formalisme, les autres élaborent un concept d’informe, tous s’avérant incapables de distinguer la forme (...) du formalisme. (shrink)

Psychiatry is becoming a cognitive neuroscience. This new paradigm not only aims to give new ways for explaining mental diseases by naturalizing them, but also to have an influence on different levels of psychiatric norms. We tried here to verify whether a biological paradigm is able to fulfill this normative goal. We analyzed three main normative assumptions that is to say the will of giving psychiatry a valid nosology, a rigorous definition of what is a mental disease, and new tools (...) for destigmatizing mentally ill patients. Although these different kinds of normativity are very heterogeneous, we must conclude that, in all these cases, biological psychiatry is a failure, in part because of a lack of epistemological conceptualization. (shrink)

To make the voice heard of those for whom the written word is not part of their cultural tradition is Romaine Moreton’s project as Aboriginal poetess and performer. We publish here two poems from her collection Post Me to the Prime Minister. Flowing by the beat of the bongo, originally written in English, manoeuvering between the written language of the colonisator and the music of the colonised, they forcefully express Romaine Moreton’s struggle : the combat of a people for the (...) right to represent itself and to be the author of its own existence. (shrink)

Unlike usual real graphs which have a low number of edges, we study here a dense network constructed from legal citations. This study is achieved on the simple graph and on the multiple graph associated to this legal network, this allows exploring the behavior of the network structural properties and communities by considering the weighted graph and see which additional information are provided by the weights. We propose new measures to assess the role of the weights in the network structure (...) and to appreciate the weights repartition. Then we compare the communities obtained on the simple graph and on the weighted graph. We also extend to weighted networks the amphitheater-like representation of this legal network. Finally we evaluate the robustness of our measures and methods thus taking into account potential errors which may occur by getting data or building the network. Our methodology may open new perspectives in the analysis of weighted networks. (shrink)

Inner speech has been shown to vary in form along several dimensions. Along condensation, condensed inner speech forms have been described, that are supposed to be deprived of acoustic, phonological and even syntactic qualities. Expanded forms, on the other extreme, display articulatory and auditory properties. Along dialogality, inner speech can be monologal, when we engage in internal soliloquy, or dialogal, when we recall past conversations or imagine future dialogs involving our own voice as well as that of others addressing us. (...) Along intentionality, it can be intentional (when we deliberately rehearse material in short-term memory) or it can arise unintentionally (during mind wandering). We introduce the ConDialInt model, a neurocognitive predictive control model of inner speech that accounts for its varieties along these three dimensions. ConDialInt spells out the condensation dimension by including inhibitory control at the conceptualization, formulation or articulatory planning stage. It accounts for dialogality, by assuming internal model adaptations and by speculating on neural processes underlying perspective switching. It explains the differences between intentional and spontaneous varieties in terms of monitoring. We present an fMRI study in which we probed varieties of inner speech along dialogality and intentionality, to examine the validity of the neuroanatomical correlates posited in ConDialInt. Condensation was also informally tackled. Our data support the hypothesis that expanded inner speech recruits speech production processes down to articulatory planning, resulting in a predicted signal, the inner voice, with auditory qualities. Along dialogality, covertly using an avatar’s voice resulted in the activation of right hemisphere homologs of the regions involved in internal own-voice soliloquy and in reduced cerebellar activation, consistent with internal model adaptation. Switching from first-person to third-person perspective resulted in activations in precuneus and parietal lobules. Along intentionality, compared with intentional inner speech, mind wandering with inner speech episodes was associated with greater bilateral inferior frontal activation and decreased activation in left temporal regions. This is consistent with the reported subjective evanescence and presumably reflects condensation processes. Our results provide neuroanatomical evidence compatible with predictive control and in favor of the assumptions made in the ConDialInt model. (shrink)

In this work, a system for the classification of liver dynamic contest- enhanced CT images is presented. The system simultaneously analyzes the images with the same slice location, corresponding to three typical acquisition moments. At first, the texture features are extracted separately for each acquisition mo- ment. Afterwards, they are united in one “multiphase” vector, characterizing a triplet of textures. The work focuses on finding the most appropriate features that characterize a multi-image texture. At the beginning, the features which are (...) unstable and dependent on ROI size are eliminated. Then, a small subset of remaining features is selected in order to guarantee the best possible classification accuracy. In total, 9 extraction methods were used, and 61 features were calculated for each of three acquisition moments. 1511 texture triplets, corresponding to 4 hepatic tissue classes were recognized. As a classifier, an adaptive boosting algorithm with a C4.5 tree was used. Experiments show that a small set of 12 features is able to ensure classification accuracy exceeding 90%, while all of the 183 features provide an accuracy rate of 88.94%. (shrink)

Composite Structure of Personal Networks, Age, and Well-being in Poland Traditionally aging research focused on the disintegration of social ties, however it has recently been observed that whom we contact has a larger impact on well-being. The authors used data from the Social Networks II module of the International Social Survey Programme to investigate the role of social network components in successful aging. A factor analysis on 1221 Polish participants revealed 4 factors that were interpreted as: close, medium, and distant (...) family, and friends. Well-being variables were most strongly related to contact with distant family, while SS variables were most strongly related to friends. Given SS was strongly related to distant family, while perceived SS was strongly related to close family. All family contacts decreased with age, though only distant family contacts were proactively managed. These results indicate the importance of distant family in Poland, in contrast to other countries. (shrink)

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a novel method of manufacturing parts directly from digital model using layer-by-layer material build-up approach. This tool-less manufacturing method can produce fully dense metallic parts in short time, with high precision. Features of additive manufacturing like freedom of part design, part complexity, light weighting, part consolidation, and design for function are garnering particular interests in metal additive manufacturing for aerospace, oil and gas, marine, and automobile applications. Powder bed fusion, in which each powder bed (...) layer is selectively fused using energy source like laser, is the most promising additive manufacturing technology that can be used for manufacturing small, low-volume, complex metallic parts. This review presents overview of 3D Printing technologies, materials, applications, advantages, disadvantages, challenges, economics, and applications of 3D metal printing technology, the DMLS process in detail, and also 3D metal printing perspectives in developing countries. (shrink)

The study investigates the possibility of applying texture analysis (TA) for testing Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) therapies. The work is based on the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) canine model, in which 3 phases of canine growth and/or dystrophy development are identified: the first phase (0–4 months of age), the second phase (from over 4 to 6 months), and the third phase (from over 6 months to death). Two differentiation problems are posed: (i) the first phase vs. the second phase (...) and (ii) the second phase vs. the third phase. Textural features are derived from T2-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images. In total, 37 features provided by 8 different TA methods (statistical, filter-based, and model-based) have been tested. The work focuses on finding such textural features that evolve along with the dog’s growth. These features are indicated by means of statistical analyses and eliminated from further investigation, as they may disturb the correct assessment of response to treatment in dystrophy. The relative importance of each remaining feature is then assessed with the use of the Monte Carlo (MC) procedure. Furthermore, feature selection based on the MC procedure is employed to find the optimal subset of age-independent features. Finally, three classifiers are used for evaluating different sets of textural features: Adaptive Boosting (AB), back-propagation Neural Network (NN), and nonlinear Support Vector Machines (SVM). The best subsets of age-independent features ensure 80.0% and 78.5% of correctly identified phases of dystrophy progression, for the first (i) and second (ii) differentiation problem respectively. (shrink)

Raised right -- Something to believe in : modern American conservatism & the paternal rights discourse -- Penetrating the inner sanctum : William F. Buckley, Jr., paternal desire, and the rights of man -- "The greatest nation on earth" : Ronald Reagan, fathers, and the rights of Americans -- All the rage : Clarence Thomas, daddy, and the tragedy of rights -- A nightmare walking : the haunting of modern American conservatism.

Au fil de cet ouvrage, le lecteur rencontrera souvent l'« Économie politique » avec un É majuscule. La minuscule en fait le nom commun d'une supposée réalité, la majuscule le nom propre d'une discipline déconnectée du réel. Il existe des politiques économiques, mais il n'existe pas d'économie politique. L'économie est avant tout un caractère du vivant en relation avec son environnement naturel. Ses particularités, certes, ne sont pas négligeables et méritent une étude spécifique, mais sans jamais oublier qu'elle est avant (...) tout un échange entre l'espèce et l'écosystème, contrairement à ce que prétend l'Économie politique. On a longtemps affirmé que les ressources naturelles étaient gratuites et illimitées, et que l'Économie politique ne devait s'intéresser qu'aux rapports et aux transactions au sein du corps social. Si ce dogme n'est plus explicitement formulé, il demeure implicitement la base axiomatique de l'Économie politique centrée sur le « marché ». Tous les économistes patentés sont coupables de cette imposture, véritable fantasme de la toute-puissance de l'innovation technologique et du pouvoir politique. Pourtant la course à la productivité est en conflit permanent avec les cycles naturels et détruit les ressources renouvelables. C'est en intégrant ces contingences que la science économique devrait être un outil au service de la société et de l'écologie. (shrink)

Depuis près de cent cinquante ans, l’essai du mathématicien William Kingdon Clifford intitulé The Ethics of Belief est au centre de la plupart des discussions sur les rapports entre éthique et épistémologie, plus précisément sur les questions d’épistémologie et d’éthique de la croyance religieuse car, même si la croyance religieuse n’est jamais la cible exclusive de Clifford, le contexte de sa rédaction ainsi que la quasi-totalité des exemples pris par Clifford portent sur la religion. On opp...

Whereas Western moral philosophy has mainly accounted for recurrent failed or irrational actions through the concept of weakness of will, many early Chinese texts on self-cultivation, notably the Zhuangzi, stand for a philosophical position that explains our frustrations and failures as an "excess of the will." Leaving aside external factors such as accidents or mistakes, this essay explores the sources of thwarted plans and frustrated expectations that are due to factors internal to the individual—more precisely, to the nature of intentional (...) conscience. Such a view was generally inadmissible in Western moral philosophy, which revolves around the paradigm of a causal agent endowed with a 'muscular ethics' for which all that is desired, and indeed all that is achieved, may only be a direct effect of the will. In striking contrast to this orientation, the Zhuangzi presents a variety of situations in which things do not happen as planned because we were too aware of the plan that guided us. Here, I will use Jon Elster's concept of by-product states in order to explore this contrast between two contending models of action that, far from being culturally rooted, express an inner criticism in both traditions, European and Chinese. (shrink)

Charity, the core of the Gospel ethos, became one of the founding ideas of European civilization and distinguished it from others. In Polish territories, as in other Western European countries, charity work was conducted primarily by the Church, which together with its sense of Gospel duty, defended the weak by concerning itself with economic development. For this purpose, charitable credit institutions, so-called mounts of piety (montes pietatis), were established. They were continued by reformers, in a somewhat changed form, until the (...) decline of the Polish Commonwealth (Republic). The most original institution of this kind was Rev. Stanisław Staszic’s foundation: the Hrubieszów Agricultural Society, which survived until the days of the Polish People’s Republic. (shrink)

The following paper is intended to propose a new morphological analysis of the PIE name for ‘guest’. This word has been widely assumed to be linked to the PIE root *ghes ‘eat’, without explaining the oddity of this apparent o-grade agent-noun * ghós-ti- m. ‘table companion’. So far, no conclusive evidence can be found for a word built on the same pattern. Furthermore, it may seem quite difficult to give an account for the Lat. hospes m. meaning both ‘guest’ and (...) ‘host’, like the French word hôte. We argue here that this PIE *ghós-ti- is a back-formation made on an old collective stem *ghós-t-ō̯i f. ‘table, group of table companions’. This very form *ghós-t-ō̯i would eventually reflect an acrostatic stem *ghós-t- f. ‘common meal’. (shrink)

The role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mate choice in humans is controversial. Nowadays, the availability of genetic variation data at genomic scales allows for a careful assessment of this question. In 2008, Chaix et al. reported evidence for MHC‐dependent mate choice among European American spouses from the HapMap 2 dataset. Recently, Derti et al. suggested that this observation was not robust. Furthermore, when Derti et al. applied similar analyses to the HapMap 3 European American samples, they did (...) not see a significant effect. Although some of the points raised by Derti et al. are relevant, we disagree with the reported absence of evidence for MHC‐dependent mate choice within the HapMap samples. More precisely, we show here that the MHC dissimilarity among HapMap 3 European American spouses is still extreme in comparison to the rest of the genome, even after multiple testing correction. This finding supports the hypothesis of MHC‐dependent mate choice in some human populations. (shrink)

Dans le contexte de la réaction romaine aux guerres de religions françaises, Giovanni Botero, premier théoricien de la raison d'État, effectue une opération originale : il place la question économique au cœur même de la pensée politique et de la théorie de l'État. L'enjeu est de définir une pensée de l'État entièrement fondée sur une idée de puissance qu'il oppose explicitement au concept de souveraineté. Contre la nouvelle théorisation juridico-politique d'origine française qui ne cesse de se répandre en Europe, Botero (...) propose ainsi un modèle politique qui allie l'analyse machiavélienne des rapports de forces et l'étude des conditions du développement économique des États. (shrink)

Dennis Ahern and David Soles raise substantial problems for the conventional interpretation of Mo Tzu as a utilitarian. Although they defend different interpretations, both scholars agree that Mo Tzu is committed to a divine command theory in some form, citing the same key passages where, supposedly, Mo Tzu explicitly endorses the divine command theory. In this paper, I defend the orthodox interpretation, insisting that Mo Tzu is a utilitarian. I show that the passages cited by Ahern and Soles do not (...) explicitly endorse the divine command theory and are compatible with the utilitarian interpretation; in fact, I argue that many of these passages must be understood in light of a utilitarian interpretation if they are to be rendered intelligible at all. After showing that motivation for the divine command interpretation is lacking, I argue that the only satisfactory alternative is to understand Mo Tzu as a consistent utilitarian. (shrink)

Focusing on the reception of Maine de Biran by Alexis Bertrand in his thesis, L’aperception du corps humain par la conscience (1880), I will demonstrate how the “corps propre” (one’s own body) becomes a key concept in order to re-orientate the French spiritualist movement. To do so, Bertrand’s neo-Biranism uses a new methodology with phenomenological issues. The image of the body, the primitive space or the engagement within the world becomes new research themes for spiritualism. His interpretation of Biran’s philosophy (...) leads him to criticize mechanistic epistemology, and especially the concept of reflex. In this context, Bertrand proposes an animist metaphysics, aiming to reconcile his Biranism with the advances of science. As a consequence, the history of the concept of one’s own body must take into account metaphysical perspectives and not only scientific and experimental researches. (shrink)

Alors même qu'elle n'y est que rarement définie, la question de la censure est à l'arrière plan d'une large part de la pensée politique italienne de l'époque dite de la Contre-Réforme (Botero, Fracchetta, Ammirato, Albergati, Possevino). Elle constitue toutefois une pierre de touche permettant de contester l'idée, aujourd'hui répandue, d'une homogénéité de pensée entre tous les théoriciens de la raison d'État. Alors que certains d'entre eux acceptent le modèle ancien de la censure politique romaine, réactualisé par la théorie juridique bodinienne, (...) les principaux représentants de la raison d'État catholique semblent la rejeter, ou du moins l'ignorer, au profit d'un autre modèle, celui de la censure ecclésiastique. Directement opposés à Bodin, ces auteurs développent cependant le programme que celui-ci expose dans son chapitre De la censure (République, VI, 1) : un contrôle social de la population pensé sur le modèle de la vision panoptique et omnisciente. Mais ils prétendent à une efficacité majeure, grâce à la multiplication des outils et des occasions du contrôle. Il ne s'agit plus simplement de dénombrer les sujets et leurs biens, mais d'épier directement leurs actions et leurs pensées : la figure du censeur fait place à celle de l'espion. Tel qu'il est formulé par tous ces auteurs, l'enjeu principal du contrôle social est bien de connaître les opinions des hommes et de soumettre les consciences ; or la force de la proposition des penseurs catholiques consiste à confier cette tâche ' politique ' à la seule autorité légitime en matière de gouvernement des âmes : le clergé, chargé de la confession et de la direction des consciences. De la sorte, la raison d'État catholique prétend à une efficacité politique supérieure à toute théorie qui détache l'État de sa bride confessionnelle. (shrink)

En ce début de xxie siècle, notre réflexion se base sur certains éléments de l'histoire récente et des développements contemporains de la lutherie électronique. Face aux nouvelles catégories organologiques d' « instruments virtuels » et d' « instruments aphones » dont il analyse les tenants et les aboutissants, ce travail tente de tirer dans une perspective ontologique des enseignements sur l'essence de ce que l'on nomme communément un « instrument de musique ». La problématique posée par l'apparition des interfaces musicales (...) place ici comme central le rapport entre geste et son (« g-son ») tout en nous questionnant sur la pérennité des nouveaux instruments. Différents aspects culturels externes à la seule innovation organologique semblent en effet relever d'une importance toute aussi capitale pour asseoir son inscription dans le domaine de l'instrumentalité et lui conférer un statut plein et entier d' « instrument de musique ». (shrink)

Graphical AbstractThe ACcess to Transparent Statistics (ACTS) call to action assembles four measures that are rapidly achievable by journals and funding agencies to enhance the quality of statistical reporting. The ACTS call to action is an appeal for concrete actions from institutions that should spearhead the battle for reproducibility.

Transcranial alternating-current stimulation in the frequency range of 1–100 Hz has come to be used routinely in electroencephalogram studies of brain function through entrainment of neuronal oscillations. It turned out, however, to be highly non-trivial to remove the strong stimulation signal, including its harmonic and non-harmonic distortions, as well as various induced higher-order artifacts from the EEG data recorded during the stimulation. In this paper, we discuss some of the problems encountered and present methodological approaches aimed at overcoming them. To (...) illustrate the mechanisms of artifact induction and the proposed removal strategies, we use data obtained with the help of a schematic demonstrator setup as well as human-subject data. (shrink)