This article describes a quantitative examination of corporate volunteering research in the form of a bibliometric analysis. Using author, journal, geography, epistemological, and industry data from 115 refereed and 445 non-refereed publications published during 1990–2015, we identify corporate volunteering as a rather young research field. Although the field has progressively developed, it is still limited in magnitude, with recent signs of stagnation. The current state is characterized by moderate publication and author activity rates, with a shift toward more peer-reviewed publications (...) conducted in coauthorship, mostly in the disciplines of business, management, and ethics; a focus on financial services as well as the professional service sector; few high-impact studies; and a narrow geographic spread, with North America as the market leader and a rising interest in Western European countries. Findings on the field's prevalent research orientation further indicate a strong employee-centered focus emphasizing the underlying business case. However, in contrast to the overarching concept of corporate social responsibility research, a relatively large share of the corporate volunteering literature also addresses society-related issues, namely, corporates' relationship with non-profits. (shrink)

Pre-Socratic philosophy. - Plato. - Aristotle. - Post-Aristotelian philosophy. - The Theory of art: Quintilian, Longinus, and Philostratus. - Plotinus. - The lesser Neoplatonists. - Neoplatonic views of three early Christians. - Mediaeval descriptive psychology. - The psychology of the mystics. - Dante's theory of vision. - Conclusion.

The discussion on symbolic legislation unveils intriguing relationships between law and politics. However, the abundance of observations often results in conceptual chaos and raises numerous problematic questions. These inquiries revolve around the scope of the concept of symbolic legislation (is it a marginal or universal phenomenon in the legal system?), as well as the circumstances determining whether a provision or legal act is classified as symbolic legislation. Of particular interest is the question of whether a provision or legal act can (...) “become symbolic” over time. The research goal of this study is to analyse the process of “becoming symbolic” and derive conclusions that deepen the understanding of the phenomenon of symbolic legislation. This study organises the current discussion on symbolic legislation, focusing on a case study of the structure of the crime of animal abuse in the Polish Animal Protection Act. The author illustrates how certain elements of this provision “became symbolic,” demonstrating that this process is largely independent of the motives of the legislators. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of consistently separating the sphere of motives from the sphere of effects in the discussion on symbolic legislation. Furthermore, the author highlights the static nature of the former and the dynamic nature of the latter. (shrink)

The goal of the article is to offer a style-focussed description of samizdat press articles from the late-1970s, which were the textual manifestation of the independent discourse at that time. The author analysed representative microstyles and conducted a functional interpretation of identified stylistic devices and phenomena, considering how they were related to the official model of public communication. The discussed texts were stylistically diverse, which was a byproduct which came from structural and genre adaptations, and mainly play on language. On (...) the one hand, one can note an expansion of the array of stylistic devices and, on the other, an inclusion into that array of the elements of newspeak in those contexts which indicated its manipulative nature. (shrink)

The principle of suspension says that when you disagree with an epistemic peer about p, you should suspend judgment about p. In “Epistemic Abstainers, Epistemic Martyrs, and Epistemic Converts,” Scott F. Aikin, Michael Harbour, Jonathan Neufeld, and Robert B. Talisse argue against the principle of suspension. In “In Defense of Epistemic Abstemiousness” I presented arguments that their arguments do not succeed, and in “On Epistemic Abstemiousness: A Reply to Bundy” they argue that my arguments are not successful. I here (...) clarify and defend my arguments. (shrink)

The concept of virtual machine allows us to combine the dynamical and computational hypotheses in an investigation of cognition. Van Gelder explicitly rejects this approach, but not only does it allow us to use the modelling technique most appropriate to the task, it also opens up a new range of phenomena where these techniques interact.

This suggests that those of us building artificial reasoning systems should also build what I have called extended theorem provers that evolve and compare their methods of reasoning.".

This discussion paper explores the explanations and implications of defensive response strategies used to manage organizational crises. Current research is highlighted and future research directions are proposed. Key areas for future research include investigating long-term repercussions of defensive strategies, examining multistakeholder perspectives, and exploring ethical questions related to being defensive.

Idea wolności jest klamrą spinającą całą filozofię Hegla. Chrześcijaństwo niesie ze sobą świadomość wolności - państwo jest jej realizacją. Dlatego też idea ta w owej podwójnej relacji jawi się jako punkt centralny systemu łączący sferę ducha absolutnego ze sferą ducha obiektywnego. Hegel przezwycięża opozycję, występującą we wcześniejszej filozofii, między "człowiekiem" i "obywatelem" poprzez zjednoczenie woli subiektywnej z wolą rozumną, konstruując w ten sposób etyczną całość - państwo - będące tą rzeczywistością, w której jednostka posiada wolność i korzysta z niej (tylko (...) o tyle, o ile partycypuje w świadomości ogółu). Treścią religii jest prawda absolutna, ale nie jest jej nadana forma myślowa - występuje raczej w postaci wyobrażenia. Stąd państwo jako twór rozumny sytuuje się pod względem formy wyżej niż religia. Pewne sformułowania Hegla, szczególnie zawarte w "Wykładach z filozofii dziejów" nasuwają myśl, że próbował on dokonać sakralizacji państwa. Jednakże w intencji Hegla nie leży oparcie aksjologii państwa o aksjologię religijną, czemu dobitnie daje wyraz w uzupełnieniu do § 270 "Filozofii prawa". Relacja między państwem a religią w planie społecznym ujęta jest przez Hegla następująco: dziedziną religii jest indywidualna wiara, podczas gdy państwo reprezentuje to, co ogólne, rozumne, etyczne. Można by dojść do przekonania, że Hegel optuje na rzecz liberalnej koncepcji rozdziału Kościoła i państwa. Wniosek taki byłby jednak pochopny, albowiem pomija się w ten sposób plan spekulatywny filozofii Hegla. Nowoczesne państwo jest wskroś rozumowe (a przynajmniej tak jest widziane przez filozofię), dlatego też każda różnica co do ich istoty jest z góry wykluczona. W państwie rozumnym świętość nie jest już czymś zewnętrznym w stosunku do rzeczywistości, lecz czystą wewnętrznością. Można zatem stwierdzić, że państwo stoi. nad Kościołem nie dlatego, iż jest sprzeczne z zasadą chrześcijańską, lecz właśnie dlatego, że jest tej zasady urzeczywistnieniem. Choć więc Hegel nie neguje wpływu religii na życie świeckie, to jednak pragnie ugruntować je na swoistych dlań wartości. (shrink)

The principle of suspension says that when you disagree with an epistemic peer about p, you should suspend judgment about p. In “Epistemic Abstainers, Epistemic Martyrs, and Epistemic Converts,” Scott F. Aikin, Michael Harbour, Jonathan Neufeld, and Robert B. Talisse argue against the principle of suspension, claiming that it “is deeply at odds with how we view ourselves as cognitive agents.” I argue that their arguments do not succeed.

Theorems in automated theorem proving are usually proved by formal logical proofs. However, there is a subset of problems which humans can prove by the use of geometric operations on diagrams, so called diagrammatic proofs. Insight is often more clearly perceived in these proofs than in the corresponding algebraic proofs; they capture an intuitive notion of truthfulness that humans find easy to see and understand. We are investigating and automating such diagrammatic reasoning about mathematical theorems. Concrete, rather than general diagrams (...) are used to prove particular concrete instances of the universally quantified theorem. The diagrammatic proof is captured by the use of geometric operations on the diagram. These operations are the inference steps of the proof. An abstracted schematic proof of the universally quantified theorem is induced from these proof instances. The constructive -rule provides the mathematical basis for this step from schematic proofs to theoremhood. In this way we avoid the difficulty of treating a general case in a diagram. One method of confirming that the abstraction of the schematic proof from the proof instances is sound is proving the correctness of schematic proofs in the meta-theory of diagrams. These ideas have been implemented in the system, called Diamond, which is presented here. (shrink)

In "Epistemic Permissiveness", Roger White presents several arguments against Extreme Permissivism, the view that there are possible cases where, given one's total evidence, it would be rational to either believe P, or to believe ~P. In this paper, we carefully reconstruct White's arguments and then argue that they do not succeed.

People high in depressive or anxious symptom severity show repetitive negative thinking, including worry and rumination. They also show various cognitive phenomena, including probability, cost, and interpretation biases. Since there is conceptual overlap between these cognitive biases and repetitive negative thinking – all involve thinking about potential threats and misfortunes – we wondered whether repetitive negative thinking could account for (mediate) these cognitive biases’ associations with depressive and anxious symptom severity. In three studies, conducted in two languages and cultures, cost (...) bias and (in two studies) interpretation bias only predicted symptom severity via worry and repetitive negative thinking; this suggests these biases are actually associated with repetitive negative thinking, rather than with symptoms. In contrast, probability bias showed direct relationships with depressive (all studies) and anxious (two studies) symptom severity, suggesting its relationships with symptoms are partly independent of repetitive negative thinking. These results show the value of studying relationships among the various cognitive features of psychopathology. Furthermore, new interventions which target cognitive biases in depression or anxiety must show that they can improve upon cognitive behavioural therapy, which is already widely available, targets both repetitive negative thinking and probability bias, and is highly effective. (shrink)

This study investigates how adoption of advisory governance policy encourages firms to become more responsive to their shareholders over time. Although shareholder activism is costly and often viewed as unable to drive meaningful change, we identify increasing shareholder voice as an underlying mechanism to explain how advisory policy adoption ultimately reshapes board–shareholder relations. Drawing on signaling theory and behavioral views of board–shareholder dynamics, we test our predictions following the broad shift in corporate board voting policies from plurality to majority vote (...) standards. While prior research shows that majority vote adoption has little to no direct impact on director elections, empirical results from 2,390 firm-year observations provide support for our hypotheses that adoption of this advisory electoral standard signals a willingness to hear shareholder concerns, leading to increased shareholder activism and, in turn, board responsiveness to shareholder proposals. Overall, our results help explain why some firms continue to fight the purely advisory policy and why an era of shareholder empowerment followed the majority vote campaign. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Ted Bundy and Dennis Rader Psychopaths versus Psychotics The Psychopath Language and the Emotional Brain Empathy, Lack of Shame, Insincerity Fantasies The Serial Killer and Nietzsche.