A complex structure, visible by electron microscopy, surrounds each chromosome during mitosis. The organization of this structure is distinct from that of the chromosomes and the cytoplasm. It forms a perichromosomal layer that can be isolated together with the chromosomes. This layer covers the chromosomes except in centromeric regions. The perichromosomal layer includes nuclear and nucleolar proteins as well as ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The list of proteins and RNAs identified includes nuclear matrix proteins (perichromin, peripherin), nucleolar proteins (perichro‐monucleolin, Ki‐67 antigen, B23 (...) protein, fibrillarin, p103, p52), ribosomal proteins (S1) and snRNAs (U3 RNAs). Only limited information is available about how and when the perichromosomal layer is formed. During early prophase, the proteins extend from the nucleoli towards the periphery of the nucleus. Thin cordon‐like structures reach the nuclear envelope delimiting areas in which chromosomes condense. At telophase, the proteins are associated with the part of the chromosomes remaining condensed and accumulate in newly formed nucleoli in regions where chromatin is already decondensed. The perichromosomal layer contains several different classes of proteins and RNPs and it has been attributed various roles: (1) in chromosome organization, (2) as a barrier around the chromosomes, (3) involvement in compartmentation of the cells in prophase and telophase and (4) a binding site for chromosomal passenger proteins necessary to the early process of nuclear assembly. (shrink)

We review some 30 years of academic research on corporate philanthropy, taking stock of the current state of research about this rising practice and identifying gaps and puzzles that deserve further investigation. To do so, we examine a total of 162 academic papers in the fields of management, economics, sociology, and public policy, and analyze their content in a systematic fashion. We distinguish four main lines of inquiry within the literature: the essence of corporate philanthropy, its different drivers, the way (...) it is organized, and its likely outcomes. After reviewing the main findings of the literature, we build on several research gaps to highlight directions for future research on corporate philanthropy with an interest in strengthening our understanding of this fascinating phenomenon at the crossroads of business and society. (shrink)

Thierry Laronde basing on the statement of the social utility of ideas, to denounce the policy of the European Office of Patents in which he blames for accepting in facts, software patenting and limit so the social circulation of ideas. Indeed in the case of the software, originality, only patentable, does not lie as in the theory as in an implementation by a soft-engineer which participates in a chain in which the assertion of an individual right is difficult even (...) impossible. A contrario GNU’s General Public Licence facilitates the distribution of the knowledge’s distribution, by the spread and the re-use of the code even though it does not offer any guarantee against the patenting of ideas. (shrink)

Cet article interroge le statut du magique chez le premier Sartre à la fois comme héritage d'un dialogue avec la psychologie et l'anthropologie françaises et comme le lieu de la coupure phénoménologique par laquelle se développe une philosophie de l'existence originale. L'A. retrace l'apparition de la conscience magique, pour laquelle la spontanéité persiste d'une manière spécifique là où elle semblait mise en défaut, notamment dans les pathologies de l'imagination et dans l'émotion. Aussi la catégorie du magique permet-elle de penser l'autonomie (...) de la conscience irréfléchie en dotant ses différentes attitudes d'une signification selon une approche synthétique de la réalité-humaine. En un autre point névralgique chez Sartre, la conscience absolue s'emprisonne dans le monde selon un phénomène de dégradation grâce auquel apparaît le psychique : cette existence mixte entre pour-soi et en-soi est irréductiblement magique. Or, le fait psychique est le lieu des relations concrètes avec autrui et l'A. montre, qu'en dernière instance, le magique reparaît dans l'ontologie phénoménologique à travers le schème de la possession – possession d'autrui et possession des choses – mettant la transcendance au compte d'une sorcellerie originelle. (shrink)

Some religious groups and trends of thought in the Turkic world, in Asia and Europe, have for several centuries nurtured an unusual vision of nature in which old animistic and shamanistic beliefs, and even nomads’ Buddhist beliefs, are combined with Arab philosophy stemming from Neo-Platonism and Muslim mysticism (Sufism). This vision, which in fact is not homogeneous since it exists in several variants, claims that all animate and inanimate creatures - humans, animals, plants and stones - are receptacles of the (...) same ‘vital energy’ and are consequently intimately bound up with one another, and may even migrate towards each of their respective modes of being, animal, plant or mineral; hence the existence of stone people, tree people and animal people. This article aims to trace the origins of this vision of nature and look at its current influence, paying particular attention to the ‘ethics of the environment’ (çevre ahlakï) it has inspired in recent years in Turkey. (shrink)

En partant principalement de la Théorie de la valuation [1939], il s’agira, d’une part, de rappeler les principaux contours de la théorie des valeurs chez Dewey – qui relève pleinement de l’analyse empiriste, contre la position de l’empirisme logique incarnée ici par A. Ayer – et, d’autre part, de montrer que cette théorie permet, de manière originale, de reconstruire le continuum du biologique au social. Il s’agira de montrer qu’une « politique des valeurs » est possible parce que leur naturalisation, (...) c’est-à-dire leur ancrage dans les désirs et les intérêts, en permet la discutabilité. La tension entre nature et histoire délimite alors un espace propre à la critique des valeurs. (shrink)

Thierry Meynard examines how the Jesuits in China came to understand the Confucian tradition, and how they offered the first complete translation of the Lunyu in the West, in the Confucius Sinarum Philosophus.

Pauchant's book emerges from a forum on International Management, Ethics, and Spirituality, the first of its kind to be held at an internationally recognized business school, and represents the thinking of six CEOs and six scholars of ethics and spirituality from Australia, Canada, the United States, and Switzerland.

Presenting a series of historical portraits of Bantu, Thierry Secretan recounts his investigation into the compounds that housed the black labor of the gold mines of the Rand, around Johannesburg. The use of a « pass » to control the black miners prefigured the apartheid system. From 1904 to 1939,Alfred Martin Duggan-Cronin, an Irish guard at one of the compounds, began to photograph the different kind of people doing the hard labor in the mines. The results were some 7200 (...) exposures and working prints, on 13 /18 cm negatives. Hundreds of enlargements were exhibited from 1925 onward in a gallery in his own home in Kimberley. These photographs were rediscovered in 1998 by Thierry Secretan, who is still attempting to save them front slow destruction: they constitute an extraordinary catalogue of the Bantu cultures. (shrink)

Valorising the biocultural heritage of common goods could enable peasant farmers to achieve socially and economically inclusive sustainability. Increasingly appreciated by consumers, peasant heritage products offer small farmers promising opportunities for economic, social and territorial development. Identifying the obstacles and levers of this complex, multi-scale and multi-stakeholder objective requires an integrative framework. We applied the panarchy conceptual framework to two cases of participatory research with small quinoa producers: a local fair in Chile and quinoa export production in Bolivia. In both (...) cases, the “commoning” process was crucial both to bring stakeholders together inside their communities and to gain outside recognition for their production and thus achieve social and economic inclusion. Despite the differences in scale, the local fair and the export market shared a similar marketing strategy based on short value chains promoting quality products with high identity value. In these dynamics of biocultural heritage valorisation, the panarchical approach revealed the central place as well as the vulnerability of the community territory. As a place of both anchoring and opening, the community territory is the privileged space where autonomous and consensual control over the governance of common biocultural resources can be exercised. (shrink)

Cet article interroge le statut du magique chez le premier Sartre à la fois comme héritage d'un dialogue avec la psychologie et l'anthropologie françaises et comme le lieu de la coupure phénoménologique par laquelle se développe une philosophie de l'existence originale. L'A. retrace l'apparition de la conscience magique, pour laquelle la spontanéité persiste d'une manière spécifique là où elle semblait mise en défaut, notamment dans les pathologies de l'imagination et dans l'émotion. Aussi la catégorie du magique permet-elle de penser l'autonomie (...) de la conscience irréfléchie en dotant ses différentes attitudes d'une signification selon une approche synthétique de la réalité-humaine. En un autre point névralgique chez Sartre, la conscience absolue s'emprisonne dans le monde selon un phénomène de dégradation grâce auquel apparaît le psychique : cette existence mixte entre pour-soi et en-soi est irréductiblement magique. Or, le fait psychique est le lieu des relations concrètes avec autrui et l'A. montre, qu'en dernière instance, le magique reparaît dans l'ontologie phénoménologique à travers le schème de la possession – possession d'autrui et possession des choses – mettant la transcendance au compte d'une sorcellerie originelle. (shrink)

1. Je souhaiterais aborder un certain aspect de Philosophie des expériences radicales pour suggérer un autre point de vue de lecture possible venant compléter la perspective critique qui structure l’ensemble de l’ouvrage de Stéphane Madelrieux, celle d’une remise en cause de l’“empirisme métaphysique” au nom d’un empirisme naturaliste “et non matérialiste” (Madelrieux 2022: 372). Il peut être utile de revenir à la question de la délimitation du contexte français de réception de certains aspec...

The aim of this article is to restore the complexity and multiplicity of the functions of critique in Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology. The first function is a theoretical and scientific one that allows a Bachelardian-type of epistemological breakdown to be conducted. The second is a self-reflexive function that enables the objectivation of the knowing subject by making him aware of the epistemic (and partly social) privileges of his condition as a scholar. Only in this context does it become possible to consider (...) the relationship of such sociology to social criticism, that also emerges as a moral and political duty. However, this dimension is not, as is often claimed, a militant posture of denunciation. On the contrary, it presupposes the satisfaction of conditions that make sociology a science. We will consider one of the possible forms of this dimension of social criticism which can make the sociologist a spokesperson. (shrink)

L’Introduction à l’analyse des lignes courbes algébriques de Gabriel Cramer, paru en 1750, a tout de suite bénéficié du soutien de D’Alembert qui l’a inclus dans les références bibliographiques de ses articles de mathématiques de l’Encyclopédie portant sur les courbes. Ainsi choisi et légitimé par l’entreprise encyclopédique et ses reprises, l’ouvrage de Cramer devient objet patrimonial au tournant du xixe siècle pour les mathématiciens, amateurs, professionnels ou enseignants qui travaillent sur les courbes algébriques. Le suivi sur le temps long des (...) mentions de l’Introduction dans les encyclopédies, dictionnaires ou histoires des mathématiques en langue française, ainsi que dans quelques textes d’enseignement, nous permettra de comprendre que ce processus de patrimonialisation n’induit pas sa conservation, sa protection, sa valorisation à de seules fins mémorielles, en figeant l’ouvrage dans un passé immuable. Au contraire, il permet une historicisation critique de la part des acteurs qui les met en position d’interroger et de réactualiser les connaissances et les pratiques que l’œuvre contient, au gré des mouvements d’émergence, de réorganisation et des spécialisations des savoirs mathématiques, quitte à en oublier certains aspects pour en mettre de nouveaux en valeur. (shrink)

Since W. B. Gallie introduced the notion of essentially contested concepts (ECCs) in 1956, social science scholars have increasingly used his framework to analyze key concepts drawing “endless disputes” from contestant users. Despite its merits, the ECC framework has been limited by a neglect of social, cultural, and political contexts, the invisibility of actors, and its ahistorical character. To understand how ECCs evolve and change over time, I use a conceptual history approach to study the concept of philanthropy, recently labeled (...) as an ECC. Using France during classical modernity as a case study, I analyze key events and actors from the concept’s inception in 1712 as a virtue of the Enlightenment to its triumph after 1789 as a secular alternative to Catholic charity, until its decline at the end of the nineteenth century as a new consensus emerged around the concept of solidarity. By introducing the notion of historically contested concepts, I make several contributions to research on ECCs, conceptual contestation, and conceptual change. (shrink)

Increasingly, frontiers between business and philanthropy seem to be blurred. Reward-Based Crowdfunding platforms contribute to this blurring of lines since they propose funders to support both for-profit and philanthropic projects. Our empirical paper explores the case of Ulule, the leading crowdfunding platform in Europe. Our results, based on a statistical analysis of more than 3000 projects, show that crowdfunding platforms foster specific kinds of relationships relying on reciprocal giving, beyond the usual opposition between altruistic and selfish motivations. We use the (...) work of Marcel Mauss to account for this process of reciprocal giving, and we argue that Maussian theory of gift can be used more generally to describe funding activities in the context of early stage entrepreneurship. (shrink)

Gautier, Mary L It is exciting to be witness to the twenty-first century in American Catholicism. Much has changed over the course of the twentieth century and I will discuss some key trends in American Catholicism that likely will be shaping American parishes in the twenty-first. In particular, changes in Catholic population during the twentieth century have influenced the number of American parishes, their location, and their size, as well as the composition of parishioners and of the leaders who (...) staff those parishes. Other changes in American Catholic attitudes and behaviours have influenced parish life in the twenty-first century, affecting parish participation, sacramental practice, and attachment to the faith. At the same time, the aspects of the faith that people find attractive and the markers that people say are essential to their Catholic identity remain virtually unchanged as we head into the twenty-first century. How do we keep Catholic identity strong, engage new generations in parish life, and grow vital parishes in the twenty-first century? Those are the challenges we will explore. In this article, I will discuss three of the primary challenges to parish life that we hear about on a near daily basis from media calls: Why are parishes closing? Why are there so many former Catholics? Will Millennial Catholics keep the faith? (shrink)

This study was aimed at explaining how and under what conditions surface similarity leads to the retrieval of an analogous base problem in LTM. Some elements of a theory of the organisation of knowledge in memory are proposed. Two levels of representation are distinguished. The first level represents directly accessible, local surface properties. The second level represents more abstract information pertaining to the category with which each analogous problem can be associated. Some results will be described showing that access to (...) an analogue in LTM based on surface properties is determined by the existence of a similarity at a higher level of abstraction. This is a search-area effect, in that categorical information seems to delimit a memory search space, within which the connection between local surface properties is more likely to be made. (shrink)

In times of social and moral crises, sport has often been called to boost individual moral development. By the same token, outdoor activities are viewed as good educational practices to enhance environmental responsibility. However, the present paper argues that these physical activities are currently following the same technological development trend as the mainstream society, and challenges this trend itself in terms of sustainability by critically asking this question: Do outdoor activities really enhance environmental responsibility? The research supporting this paper is (...) based on a qualitative inquiry using interviews with outdoor activities practitioners: mountain guides and white water sports instructors. The findings of this research show that environmental responsibility development depends on the sport contexts. It is fostered in slow and none-technological activities and lowered in fast and technological activities. The paper concludes with the following paradox reached by the preliminary research results: the birth of modern technology calls for greater need of environmental responsibility, but it may also prevent its development at the same time. (shrink)

Global health conceives the notion of partnership between North and South as central to the foundations of this academic field. Indeed, global health aspires to an equal positioning of Northern and Southern actors. While the notion of partnership may be used to position the field of global health morally, this politicization may mask persisting inequalities in global health. In this paper, we reflect on global health partnerships by revisiting the origins of global health and deconstructing the notion of partnership. We (...) also review promising initiatives that may help to rebalance the relationship. Historical accounts are helpful in unpacking the genesis of collaborative research between Northerners and Southerners – particularly those coming from the African continent. In the 1980s, the creation of a scientific hub of working relationships based on material differences created a context that was bound to create tensions between the alleged “partners”. Today, partnerships provide assistance to underfunded African research institutions, but this assistance is often tied with hypotheses about program priorities that Northern funders require from their Southern collaborators. African researchers are often unable to lead or contribute substantially to publications for lack of scientific writing skills, for instance. Conversely, academics from African countries report frustrations at not being consulted when the main conceptual issues of a research project are discussed. However, in the name of political correctness, these frustrations are not spoken aloud. Fortunately, initiatives that shift paternalistic programs to formally incorporate a mutually beneficial design at their inception with equal input from all stakeholders are becoming increasingly prominent, especially initiatives involving young researchers. Several concrete steps can be undertaken to rethink partnerships. This goes hand in hand with reconceptualizing global health as an academic discipline, mainly through being explicit about past and present inequalities between Northern and Southern universities that this discipline has thus far eluded. Authentic and transformative partnerships are vital to overcome the one-sided nature of many partnerships that can provide a breeding-ground for inequality. (shrink)

While "natural history" is practically synonymous with the name of Buffon, the term itself has been otherwise overlooked by historians of science. This essay attempts to address this omission by investigating the meanings of "physique," "natural philosophy," and "history," among other terms, with the purpose of understanding Buffon's actual objectives. It also shows that Buffon never claimed to be a Newtonian and should not be considered as such; the goal is to provide a historical analysis that resituates Buffon's thought within (...) his own era. This is done, primarily, by eschewing the often-studied question of time in Buffon. Instead, this study examines the nontemporal meanings of the word "history" within the naturalist's theory and method. The title of his Natural History is examined both as an indicator of the kind of science that Buffon was hoping to achieve and as a source of great misinterpretation among his peers. Unlike Buffon, many of his contemporaries actually envisioned the study of nature from a Baconian perspective where history was restricted to the mere collection of facts and where philosophy, which was the implicit and ultimate goal of studying nature, was seen, at least for the present, as unrealizable. Buffon confronts this tendency insofar as his Histoire naturelle claims to be the real physique that, along with describing nature, also sought to identify general laws and provide clear insight into what true knowledge of nature is or should be. According to Buffon, history (both natural and civil) is not analogous to mathematics; it is a nonmathematical method whose scope encompasses both nature and society. This methodological stance gives rise to the "physicization" of certain moral concepts--a gesture that was interpreted by his contemporaries as Epicurean and atheist. In addition, Buffon reduces a number of metaphysically tainted historical concepts (e.g., antediluvian monuments) to objects of physical analysis, thereby confronting the very foundation of natural theology. In Buffon, as this essay makes clear, natural history is paving the way for a new physique (science of natural beings), independent from mathematics and from God, that treats naturalia in a philosophical and "historical" manner that is not necessarily "temporal. ". (shrink)

The present paper examines how discursive representations and emotive constructions underpin an argumentative dynamic that emerges from apparently non-argumentative statements, like those found in newspaper headlines. Our data comes from Greek broadsheet newspapers in the polarized context of the Greek crisis. First, we outline an analytic synergy that scrutinizes representational meaning and the semiotization of emotions in headlines. We then move towards the reconstruction of the inferential passage, contained in the headlines, that unites the implicit standpoint with its supporting argument.

Fabriquer de nouvelles formes en discours pour que l’interprétant fabrique un sens plus riche au décodage : tel est l’enjeu continu de la tension entre contrainte systémique et sens visé, conditionnant ainsi le formatage et la présentation des discours. C’est cette tension qui constitue l’objet des études fondées sur des corpus allemands et français, qui sont rassemblées dans ce volume. La production du sens fait feu de tout bois et n’hésite donc pas à susciter l’invention, la distorsion formelle à son (...) service, à tous les niveaux de l’analyse linguistique : présentation des discours, formatage du discours de la critique littéraire, répétition des formes en discours, linéarisation de la phrase allemande, mots-composés en allemand et formes des temps verbaux surcomposés. (shrink)

In Politics VII, 13, to the question of how one becomes virtuous, Aristotle answers that one acquires virtue through three factors: nature, habit and reason. The purpose of my paper is to examine the process of virtue acquisition in the light of these three concepts, their articulation, and the harmonization of their own dynamics, which Aristotle seems to call his wishes.

In light of heated recent debates about neutrality and scientificity in social sciences, this issue seizes the opportunity to reconsider the terms of epistemological and political arguments concerning the relationships between critique and social sciences.

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 96 Heft: 1 Seiten: 144-182.

La référence à l'ordinaire, dans l'ordre du discours, dans les pratiques politiques, ou dans le domaine des sciences sociales, est moins fréquente que celle au " commun ", au " populaire ", ou au " quotidien ". La notion d'ordinaire est pourtant à la fois plus immédiate, et plus centrale. Elle s'oppose à la fois au " savant ", au " théorique ", à l' " historique " et au " tragique ". Mais l'ordinaire est-il si aisé à connaître et (...) à comprendre? Les analyses rassemblées dans ce volume partent, non d'une évidence partagée de l'ordinaire, mais d'une difficulté à penser l'ordinaire. Elles proposent, dans une démarche exploratoire, de clarifier l'idée d'une " politique de l'ordinaire ", et de confronter à cet effet des points de vue issus de plusieurs disciplines : philosophie, science politique, sociologie, anthropologie. Ce travail collectif rejoint des préoccupations récemment apparues pour le commun comme concept des sciences sociales. Sur le plan politique, la revendication de l'ordinaire et du commun permet de considérer autrement les problèmes de la démocratie, de la communauté, de l'égalité, et d'examiner à nouveaux frais les termes du débat qui opposent, depuis longtemps, libertariens et communautariens. Sur le plan éthique, l'examen attentif des pratiques sociales communes, de nos conversations et gestes ordinaires, de l'ordre des interactions publiques ou privées, permet de réorienter le questionnement moral. (shrink)

Comment la critique de Q. Skinner adressée aux historiens essentialistes et contextualistes de la pensée politique lui permet-elle de justifier, à partir d’une certaine lecture de J. L. Austin, le recours à ce qu’il appelle l’« intention illocutoire » de l’auteur. La mise au jour d’une telle intention devant permettre de décrire positivement l’ensemble des relations existant entre un texte et son contexte. De quel contexte s’agit-il? Le critère de l’intention permet-il, valablement, de se substituer au critère de la convention (...) chez Austin? (shrink)

Propondo uma releitura do problema da divisão do trabalho em Smith e partindo dos dois discursos sobre a questão desenvolvidos nos Livros I e V da Riqueza das nações, trata-se de analisar esta noção tanto sob o prisma das considerações naturalistas e epistemológicas de Smith quanto destacando o caráter relacional e interdependente presente na divisão do trabalho. Com isso, busca-se reconsiderar criticamente o “liberalismo” de Smith.