Assessing physical fitness has emerged as a proxy of the health status of children and adolescents and therefore as relevant from a public health point of view. DAFIS is a project included in Plan Galicia Saudable of the regional government of Galicia. DAFIS consists of an on-line software devoted to record the results of a standard physical fitness protocol carried out as a part of the physical education curriculum. The aims of this study were: to obtain normative values of physical (...) fitness of the Galician school population evaluated in the DAFIS project, and to identify a reduced number of components and tests able to capture a significant amount of the variability in the physical fitness of children and adolescents. From an initial sample of 27784 records, 15287 cases were considered after filtering. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape were used for obtaining percentile curves and tables for each sex. Furthermore, a principal components analysis was performed, selecting the number of components by applying the Kaiser’s rule and selecting a subset of variables considering the correlation between each variable and the components. Percentile curves and normative values are reported for each test and sex. Physical fitness was better in boys than in girls throughout age groups, except for flexibility that was consistently higher in girls. Two main components were detected throughout age groups: the first one representing body composition and partially cardiorespiratory fitness and the second one muscular fitness. For boys and girls, waist to height ratio had the highest correlations with the first component in four out of six age groups. The highest correlation with the second component, was most frequently observed for the handgrip test both in boys and girls. This study provides evidence about the utility of school community actions like DAFIS aimed to track the health-related fitness of children and adolescents. The results suggest that fat mass distribution and muscular performance concentrate a high proportion physical fitness variance. (shrink)

Daniel Isaacson has advanced an epistemic notion of arithmetical truth according to which the latter is the set of truths that we grasp on the basis of our understanding of the structure of natural numbers alone. Isaacson’s thesis is then the claim that Peano Arithmetic (PA) is the theory of finite mathematics, in the sense that it proves all and only arithmetical truths thus understood. In this paper, we raise a challenge for the thesis and show how it can be (...) overcome. We introduce the concept of purity for theories of arithmetic: a theory of arithmetic is pure when it only proves arithmetical truths. Then, we argue that, under Isaacson’s thesis, some PA-provable truths—including transfinite induction claims for infinite ordinals and some consistency statements—are seemingly not arithmetical in Isaacson’s sense, and hence that Isaacson’s thesis might entail the impurity of PA. Nonetheless, we conjecture that the advocate of Isaacson’s thesis can avoid this undesirable consequence: the arithmetical nature, as understood by Isaacson, of all contentious PA-provable statements can be justified. As a case study, we explore how this is done for transfinite induction claims with infinite ordinals below ε0. To this end, we show that the PA-proof of such claims employs exclusively resources from finite mathematics, and that ordinals below ε0 are finitary objects despite being infinite. (shrink)

La resolución de sistemas de ecuaciones lineales es sin duda el problema más importante en Matemática Aplicada. Es importante en sí mismo y también porque es un paso intermedio en la resolución de muchos otros problemas de gran relevancia. La eliminación Gaussiana es hoy en día el método estándar para resolver este problema en un ordenador y, además, fue el primer algoritmo numérico para el que se realizó un análisis de errores de redondeo. En 1948, Alan Turing publicó un artículo (...) de gran relevancia sobre este tema: “Rounding-off errors in matrix processes” (Quart. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 1, pp. 287-308). En este artículo, Turing formuló la eliminación Gaussiana en términos de la factorización LU de una matriz e introdujo la noción de número de condición de una matriz, que son dos de las nociones más fundamentales del Análisis Numérico moderno. Además, Turing presentó un análisis de errores de la eliminación Gaussiana para matrices generales que influyó profundamente en el espíritu del análisis de errores definitivo desarrollado por Wilkinson en 1961. El trabajo de Alan Turing sobre la eliminación Gaussiana aparece en un periodo fascinante del Análisis Numérico moderno. Otros gigantes de las matemáticas como John von Neumann, Herman Goldstine y Harold Hotelling también realizaron investigaciones sobre la eliminación Gaussiana en la década de 1940-50. El objetivo de estos investigadores era encontrar un método eficiente y fiable para resolver sistemas de ecuaciones lineales en los ordenadores modernos que estaban desarrollándose por entonces. En aquella época, no estaba claro en absoluto si utilizar la eliminación Gaussiana era una elección adecuada o no. El propósito de este artículo es revisar, a nivel básico, las contribuciones realizadas por Alan Turing y otros investigadores al análisis de errores de la eliminación Gaussiana, el contexto histórico de esas contribuciones y su influencia en el Análisis Numérico moderno. (shrink)

Para conocer el origen y desarrollo de la historieta española contemporánea, debemos adentrarnos en los suburbios de la cultura visual. Así descubriremos la historia del cómic underground español. Un cómic donde, gracias a la relativa libertad de expresión que ofrecía, la contracultura encontró un vehículo versátil con el que podía expresarse sin trabas, convirtiéndose en una nueva forma de protesta y reivindicación social que ofreció un impagable testimonio de la realidad española, superior al que ofrecen otras artes coetáneas. El artículo (...) analiza las principales características, aspectos estéticos y novedades lingüísticas del comix español, descubriendo sus principales autores (Ceesepe, Gallardo, Mariscal, Max y Nazario), series (Makoki, Los Garriris, Gustavo, Anarcoma,…) y revistas (El Rrollo Enmascarado, Star, La Piraña Divina, Butifarra!, Los Tebeos del Rrollo, Rock Comix, El Víbora,…), y mostrando su conexión con otras artes, como la pintura, el cine y la fotografía, sin olvidarnos de su relación con el mundo de las drogas y la música rock. (shrink)

Questions concerning the proof-theoretic strength of classical versus nonclassical theories of truth have received some attention recently. A particularly convenient case study concerns classical and nonclassical axiomatizations of fixed-point semantics. It is known that nonclassical axiomatizations in four- or three-valued logics are substantially weaker than their classical counterparts. In this paper we consider the addition of a suitable conditional to First-Degree Entailment—a logic recently studied by Hannes Leitgeb under the label HYPE. We show in particular that, by formulating the theory (...) PKF over HYPE, one obtains a theory that is sound with respect to fixed-point models, while being proof-theoretically on a par with its classical counterpart KF. Moreover, we establish that also its schematic extension—in the sense of Feferman—is as strong as the schematic extension of KF, thus matching the strength of predicative analysis. (shrink)

Autonomy has been central to moral and political philosophy for millenia, and has been positioned as a critical aspect of both justice and wellbeing. Research in psychology supports this position, providing empirical evidence that autonomy is critical to motivation, personal growth and psychological wellness. Responsible AI will require an understanding of, and ability to effectively design for, human autonomy (rather than just machine autonomy) if it is to genuinely benefit humanity. Yet the effects on human autonomy of digital experiences are (...) neither straightforward nor consistent, and are complicated by commercial interests and tensions around compulsive overuse. This multi-layered reality requires an analysis that is itself multidimensional and that takes into account human experience at various levels of resolution. We borrow from HCI and psychological research to apply a model (“METUX”) that identifies six distinct spheres of technology experience. We demonstrate the value of the model for understanding human autonomy in a technology ethics context at multiple levels by applying it to the real-world case study of an AI-enhanced video recommender system. In the process we argue for the following three claims: 1) There are autonomy-related consequences to algorithms representing the interests of third parties, and they are not impartial and rational extensions of the self, as is often perceived; 2) Designing for autonomy is an ethical imperative critical to the future design of responsible AI; and 3) Autonomy-support must be analysed from at least six spheres of experience in order to approriately capture contradictory and downstream effects. (shrink)

‘Plant neurobiology’ has emerged in recent years as a multidisciplinary endeavor carried out mainly by steady collaboration within the plant sciences. The field proposes a particular approach to the study of plant intelligence by putting forward an integrated view of plant signaling and adaptive behavior. Its objective is to account for the way plants perceive and act in a purposeful manner. But it is not only the plant sciences that constitute plant neurobiology. Resources from philosophy and cognitive science are central (...) to such an interdisciplinary project, if plant neurobiology is to maintain its target well-focused. This manifesto outlines a road map for the establishment and development of a new subject—the Philosophy of Plant Neurobiology—, a new field of research emerging at the intersection of the philosophy of cognitive science and plant neurobiology. The discipline is herewith presented, introducing challenges and novel lines of engagement with the empirical investigation, and providing an explanatory framework and guiding principles that will hopefully ease the integration of research on the quest for plant intelligence. (shrink)

This book proposes, from a civil perspective —such as that developed by Stefano Zamagni— and a cordial perspective —such as that developed by Adela Cortina—, orientations to design an economy in tune with what the historical moment demands. Among other things, this comes from encouraging institutions, organisations and companies to include in their designs aspects as important for carrying out their activities as cordial reciprocity, mutual recognition of the communicative and affective capacities of the linked or linkable parties, public commitment (...) and the active participation of civil society. The book first shows the conceptualisation of the process of self-interest as operating for one’s own benefit and its inclusion in the orthodox economic model. In Chapter 2 it then displays some of the logical/formal and experimental limits of the axiomatic economics model to discover the possibility of building bridges between theoretical modelling and factual validation. Chapter 3 demonstrates the fragility of a rationality model based on the paradigmatic figure of homo oeconomicus. Chapter 4 reflects on the critical process that has identified reciprocity as a determining factor for human cooperation, turning this behaviour into a paradox in which the lack of a reasonable explanation from the selfish perspective becomes inconsistent in the predominant economic theory. Chapter 5 is from a moral point of view it describes and criticises the different approaches to reciprocity observed by sociologists, biologists, psychologists and economists. Chapter 6 analyses three mutual recognition proposals as possible foundations for human cooperation, highlighting one of them –cordial recognition, developed by Cortina– because it is more closely related to studies of reciprocity, particularly the most recent contributions from the neurosciences. Chapter 7 proposes cordial reciprocity as a horizon of meaning for the various approaches to reciprocity observed. Chapter 8 explores the possible emergence and development of cordial goods, a type of relational and communicative good that enables joint actions to take place in different contexts of human activity. Chapter 9 analyses the application and implementation of cordial reciprocity at the macro, meso and micro levels of the economy. And finally, it proposes guidelines for designing a monitoring and compliance system which, based on the communication, storage and processing of big data and the committed participation of stakeholders, offers businesses the possibility of inspecting their underlying dimensions of morality, emotions and responsibility. (shrink)

The field of neuroaesthetics attempts to identify the brain processes underlying aesthetic experience, including but not limited to beauty. Previous neuroaesthetic studies have focussed largely on paintings and music, while performing arts such as dance have been less studied. Nevertheless, increasing knowledge of the neural mechanisms that represent the bodies and actions of others, and which contribute to empathy, make a neuroaesthetics of dance timely. Here, we present the first neuroscientific study of aesthetic perception in the context of the performing (...) arts. We investigated brain areas whose activity during passive viewing of dance stimuli was related to later, independent aesthetic evaluation of the same stimuli. Brain activity of six naïve male subjects was measured using fMRI, while they watched 24 dance movements, and performed an irrelevant task. In a later session, participants rated each movement along a set of established aesthetic dimensions. The ratings were used to identify brain regions that were more active when viewing moves that received high average ratings than moves that received low average ratings. This contrast revealed bilateral activity in the occipital cortices and in right premotor cortex. Our results suggest a possible role of visual and sensorimotor brain areas in an automatic aesthetic response to dance. This sensorimotor response may explain why dance is widely appreciated in so many human cultures. (shrink)

We investigated the source of the visual search advantage of some emotional facial expressions. An emotional face target (happy, surprised, disgusted, fearful, angry, or sad) was presented in an array of neutral faces. A faster detection was found for happy targets, with angry and, especially, sad targets being detected more poorly. Physical image properties (e.g., luminance) were ruled out as a potential source of these differences in visual search. In contrast, the search advantage is partly due to the facilitated processing (...) of affective content, as shown by an emotion identification task. Happy expressions were identified faster than the other expressions and were less likely to be confounded with neutral faces, whereas misjudgements occurred more often for angry and sad expressions. Nevertheless, the distinctiveness of some local features (e.g., teeth) that are consistently associated with emotional expressions plays the strongest role in the search advantage pattern. When the contribution of these features to visual search was factored out statistically, the advantage disappeared. (shrink)

Most experimental studies of facial expression processing have used static stimuli (photographs), yet facial expressions in daily life are generally dynamic. In its original photographic format, the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) has been frequently utilized. In the current study, we validate a dynamic version of this database, the KDEF-dyn. To this end, we applied animation between neutral and emotional expressions (happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, and surprised; 1,033-ms unfolding) to 40 KDEF models, with morphing software. Ninety-six human observers categorized (...) the expressions of the resulting 240 video-clip stimuli, and automated face analysis assessed the evidence for 6 expressions and 20 facial action units (AUs) at 31 intensities. Low-level image properties (luminance, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) and other purely perceptual factors (e.g., size, unfolding speed) were controlled. Human recognition performance (accuracy, efficiency, and confusions) patterns were consistent with prior research using static and other dynamic expressions. Automated assessment of expressions and AUs was sensitive to intensity manipulations. Significant correlations emerged between human observers’ categorization and automated classification. The KDEF-dyn database aims to provide a balance between experimental control and ecological validity for research on emotional facial expression processing. The stimuli and the validation data are available to the scientific community. (shrink)

Philosophers and cognitive scientists reassess systematicity in the post-connectionist era, offering perspectives from ecological psychology, embodied and distributed cognition, enactivism, and other methodologies.

Resumen: La confianza que la sociedad deposita en la investigación científica es un elemento fundamental del desarrollo de esta actividad. No obstante, los constantes casos de mala praxis por nepotismo, conflicto de interés, malversación de caudales públicos, plagio, apropiación indebida de ideas, dopaje financiero, fake news, falsificación, adulteración y/o fabricación de datos, entre otras muchas cosas, ha generado un aumento de la desconfianza hacia los procesos de generación de conocimiento y sus resultados. Desde una ética dialógica y cordial, este estudio (...) ofrece orientaciones para el diseño de una ética de la investigación en el marco de las éticas aplicadas que ayude a erradicar y controlar las malas prácticas en este ámbito. Abstract: The trust that society places in scientific research is a fundamental element in the development of this activity. However, the constant cases of malpractice due to nepotism, conflict of interest, misuse of public funds, plagiarism, misappropriation of ideas, financial doping, fake news, falsification, adulteration and/or fabrication of data, among many other things, has generated an increase in mistrust towards knowledge generation processes and their results. From a dialogic and cordial ethic, this study proposes guidelines for the design of a research ethics within the framework of applied ethics that helps to eradicate and control bad practices in this area. (shrink)

Health, such as the industry, university or city, is immersed in a process of digital transformation generated by the possibility and technological convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data and Artificial Intelligence on the one hand and their consequences on the other: hyperconnectivity, datafication and algorithmization. This is a process of transformation towards what has come to be called Smart Health, Health 4.0 or mHealth. However, despite the enormous potential that underlies the digitization of the healthcare sector, this (...) process can have very negative effects both for the sector and its organizations and for the system’s user. One of the most worrying questions at this moment is the aspect and the force that bioethification is taking; that is, the process by which mass data on the opinions, preferences and behaviors of the hyperconnected users of the cyber-physical assistance system are stored, crossed and processed, on the basis of an utilitarian criterion, to determine through mathematical models what is morally valid. The aim of the present study is to analyze the present and future consequences of bioethification in the health field, as well as to propose guidelines to undertake a socially responsible and morally valid digitalization. Key words: bioethification, moral deliberation, discursive ethics, clinical practice, smart health, smart hospital. (shrink)

El presente trabajo pretende mostrar la convergencia y continuidad, tanto de temática como de sentido, de dos obras centrales de María Zambrano publicadas en el año 1939 desde el análisis de dos categorías, realismo y racionalismo, con las que se identifica a España y el resto de Europa respectivamente. Así mismo, se busca poner de manifiesto que si bien para la pensadora el racionalismo desemboca en la angustia del sujeto moderno y contemporáneo por llevar asociada la forma del sistema, encontrará (...) en el realismo y estoicismo, más característicos de la tradición hispana, la posible salida a esta angustia en la que se halla Europa a la altura de 1939. (shrink)

Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore [(1992) Holism: a shopper's guide, Oxford: Blackwell; (1996) in R. McCauley (Ed.) The Churchlands and their critics , Cambridge: Blackwell] have launched a powerful attack against Paul Churchland's connectionist theory of semantics--also known as state space semantics. In one part of their attack, Fodor and Lepore argue that the architectural and functional idiosyncrasies of connectionist networks preclude us from articulating a notion of conceptual similarity applicable to state space semantics. Aarre Laakso and Gary Cottrell [(1998) (...) in M. A. Gernsbacher & S. Derry (Eds) Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum; Philosophical Psychology ] 13, 47-76 have recently run a number of simulations on simple feedforward networks and applied a mathematical technique for measuring conceptual similarity in the representational spaces of those networks. Laakso and Cottrell contend that their results decisively refute Fodor and Lepore's criticisms. Paul Churchland [(1998) Journal of Philosophy, 95, 5-32 ] goes further. He uses Laakso and Cottrell's neurosimulations to argue that connectionism does furnish us with all we need to construct a robust theory of semantics and a robust theory of translation. In this paper I shall argue that whereas Laakso and Cottrell's neurocomputational results may provide us with a rebuttal of Fodor and Lepore's argument, Churchland's conclusion is far too optimistic. In particular, I shall try to show that connectionist modelling does not provide any objective criterion for achieving a one-to-one accurate translational mapping across networks. (shrink)

La teoría de los espines por Julio Calvo alcanza en este libro su desarrollo más completo, adquiriendo en conjunto la categoría de una nueva fundación de la Semántica desde principios cognitivos y perceptivos.

Since its beginnings, the conceptualisation of social responsibility has taken many forms, some of them related to philanthropy, patronage, strategy or business marketing among others. This paper defends the thesis that economic organization needs to manage those communicative goods, such as trust, reputation or reciprocity, evolved in the right development of their business activity and, therefore, on economic profit maximization. But for this, economic organization should implement a social responsibility to live up to expectations at stake; that is, to take (...) into account the ethical dimension that underlies it. (shrink)

RESUMEN Actualmente, la convergencia de tres ámbitos de aplicación tecnológica -Big Data, Inteligencia Artificial e Internet de las Cosas- permite hiperconectivizar, algoritmizar y dataficar los distintos ámbitos de actividad humana para optimizar sus procesos productivos, comunicativos, asistenciales y/o relacionales, y, con ello, aumentar su eficiencia, eficacia y sostenibilidad. El éxito cosechado en sectores como el industrial o el retail y las enormes expectativas que abre su implementación en otros como el político o el asistencial, empero, ha extendido la idea de (...) que incluso es posible discernir mejor qué es lo justo y bueno a través del análisis y procesamiento algorítmico de datos masivos sobre lo moral procedentes de los individuos hiperconectados. Sin embargo, este enfoque dataficado de ética alberga dudas razonables respecto a su viabilidad, posibilidad y eficacia. Pero, sobre todo, produce inquietud su aceptación y puesta en marcha acrítica por las importantes anomalías que produce en el mundo de la vida, especialmente en la concreción y perdurabilidad del saber moral. Este estudio pretende mostrar los retos, límites y consecuencias que subyacen a la dataficación del ámbito moral. ABSTRACT The convergence of three areas of technological application - Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things - means the diferent area of human activity can be hyperconnected, algorithmised and datafied to optimise processes involving production, communication, healthcare and relationships. The aim is to increase their efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. The success achieved in sectors like industry and retail and the huge expectations aroused by the implementation of this technology in other areas, such as politics and healthcare, have encouraged the idea that it might even be possible to find a better way of working out what is good and fair in the algorithmic analysis and processing of Big Data concerning morality drawn from hyperconnected individuals. There are reasonable doubts, however, concerning the possibility, viability and effectiveness of this datafied approach to ethics. Above all, a critical acceptance and implementation of it raises concerns about the considerable anomalies it causes in the world of life, particularly in the accumulation and durability of moral knowledge. This study attempts to show the challenges, limits and consequences under lying the datafication of morality. (shrink)

Este trabajo plantea el papel de la providencia y de la religión en los principales temas de la Ciencia Nueva: el mito, las primeras comunidades, la dialéctica de nobles y plebeyos, la lógica poética, etc., esbozando el proceso de cómo los hombres pasan a ser de hombres sin Dios a hombres con leyes. This paper deals with the role of both Providence and religion within the range of the main themes in the “New Science”: myth, the first human communities, the (...) dialectics between nobles and plebeians, logic, politics, etc., sketching in turn the way in which human beings became men with laws from the stage of Godlessmen. (shrink)

Counting is a complex cognitive process that is paramount to arithmetical development at school. The improvement of counting skills of children depends on their understanding of the logical and conventional rules involved. While the logical rules are mandatory and related to one-to-one correspondence, stable order, and cardinal principles, conventional rules are optional and associated with social customs. This study contributes to unravel the conceptual understanding of counting rules of children. It explores, with a developmental approach, the performance of children on (...) non-routine counting detection tasks, their confidence in their answers, and their ability to change a wrong answer by deferring to the opinion of a unanimous majority who justified or did not justify their claims. Hundred and forty nine children aged from 5 to 8 years were randomized to one of the experimental conditions of the testimony of teachers: with or without justification. Participants judged the correctness of different types of counting procedures presented by a computerized detection task, such as pseudoerrors that are correct counts where conventional rules are violated, and compensation errors that are incorrect counts where logical rules were broken twice. Afterwards, children rated their confidence in their detection answer with a 5-point scale. Subsequently, they listened to the testimony of the teachers and showed either conformity or non-conformity. The participants considered both compensation errors and pseudoerrors as incorrect counts in the detection task. The analysis of the confidence of children in their responses suggested that they were not sensitive to their incorrect performance. Finally, children tended to conform more often after hearing a justification of the testimony than after hearing only the testimonies of the teachers. It can be concluded that the age range of the evaluated children failed to recognize the optional nature of conventional counting rules and were unaware of their misconceptions. Nevertheless, the reasoned justifications of the testimony, offered by a unanimous majority, promoted considerable improvement in the tendency of the children to revise those misconceptions. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWe investigated the time course of selective attention to face regions during judgment of dis/approval by low and high social anxiety undergraduates (with clinical levels on que...

Este artículo intenta aproximarse a la figura femenina de Hiparquia de Maronea, identificando su lugar dentro del cinismo antiguo, movimiento filosófico contestatario de finales del siglo iv a. C. Su figura sería ejemplo de una mujer “extradoméstica”, opuesta completamente a la imagen de la mujer ateniense que permanece recluida en el interior de la casa, respetando celosamente las leyes del silencio. Al respecto, para descifrar las claves de Hiparquia, es fundamental y muy significativo considerar el “matrimonio de perros” (kynogamía) como (...) la expresión más elevada del éros cínico. La kynogamía implica una ruptura radical con el matrimonio convencional, en cuanto institución religiosa, social y política que determina en el oîkos el lugar de las mujeres en la antigüedad, y constituye el punto culminante de la unión erótica cínica, al poner de manifiesto su “indiferencia” (adiaphoría) respecto al acto sexual. Hiparquia, comparada con Artemisa, se sitúa en los confines de lo salvaje, unida a su esposo, Crates de Tebas, vive en co-herencia según las leyes de la naturaleza. (shrink)

The family of discounted Shapley values is analyzed for cooperative games in coalitional form. We consider the bargaining protocol of the alternating random proposer introduced in Hart and Mas-Colell. We demonstrate that the discounted Shapley values arise as the expected payoffs associated with the bargaining equilibria when a time discount factor is considered. In a second model, we replace the time cost with the probability that the game ends without agreements. This model also implements these values in transferable utility games, (...) moreover, the model implements the α\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\alpha $$\end{document}-consistent values in the nontransferable utility setting. (shrink)

El egoísmo constituye uno de los aspectos fundamentales de la teoría económica tradicional. Propuesto y desarrollado durante la revolución marginalista y convertido en axioma por la escuela neoclásica, la natural propensión del agente económico a maximizar su propio interés otorga robustez y consistencia a la teoría mediante la reducción de toda la realidad comportamental del agente económico. El objetivo del presente estudio es tratar de mostrar las implicaciones éticas y afectivas para una teoría axiomatizada con pretensiones de consistencia y completitud (...) como la desarrollada y defendida por la teoría económica tradicional. (shrink)

This essay traces the genealogy and evolution of the category of the subject as it developed in the thought of Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault, and Alain Badiou. As will be seen, within the fruitful and complementary dialogue about the subject and subjectivity formation among these three French thinkers, there are major discrepancies in their approaches, from Althusser’s seemingly passive view of the subject as a victim of state oppression, to Foucault’s one, embedded in power but with the capacity of resistance, (...) and, finally, to Badiou’s understanding, in his book Théorie du sujet (Theory of the Subject, 1982), of the subject as the one who courageously takes risks to put into practice the truth brought about by the event in order to radically transform the present situation. (shrink)

Fruto de mis experiencias de trabajo, estas páginas presentan algunos de los problemas que encierra el uso de materiales jurídicos del siglo XIX, convertidos en fuentes documentales para el conocimiento del derecho liberal. La necesidad de utilizar un nuevo lenguaje para nombrar históricos cambios institucionales, la explosión de la prensa periódica en paralelo a nuevas ideas sobre la vigencia temporal de la norma, la pervivencia de formas orales de expresión jurídica sin perjuicio, falsa paradoja, del auge de la imprenta... presentan (...) varias dificultades al investigador, como las derivadas del empleo de las revistas y las obras de producción seriada, sin olvidar las incertidumbres que reodearon el tenor de los textos legales, y aun constitucionales. (shrink)