Results for 'functions of moral systems'

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  1. Virtue Ethics and the Morality System.Matthieu Queloz & Marcel van Ackeren - 2024 - Topoi 43 (2):413-424.
    Virtue ethics is frequently billed as a remedy to the problems of deontological and consequentialist ethics that Bernard Williams identified in his critique of “the morality system.” But how far can virtue ethics be relied upon to avoid these problems? What does Williams’s critique of the morality system mean for virtue ethics? To answer this question, we offer a more principled characterisation of the defining features of the morality system in terms of its organising ambition—to shelter life against luck. This (...)
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  2.  32
    Science as a moral system.Stefaan Blancke - 2022 - Synthese 200 (6):1-18.
    Science is a collaborative effort to produce knowledge. Scientists thus must assess what information is trustworthy and who is a competent and honest source and partner. Facing the problem of trust, we can expect scientists to be vigilant. In response to their peers’ vigilance scientists will provide reasons, not only to convince their colleagues to adopt their practices or beliefs, but also to demonstrate that their beliefs and practices are justified. By justifying their beliefs and practices, scientists also justify themselves. (...)
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  3.  71
    Early Confucianism is a System for Social-Functional Influence and Probably Does Not Represent a Normative Ethical Theory.Ryan Nichols - 2015 - Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 14 (4):499-520.
    To the question “What normative ethical theory does early Confucianism best represent?” researchers in the history of early Confucian philosophy respond with more than half a dozen different answers. They include sentimentalism, amoralism, pragmatism, Kantianism, Aristotelian virtue theory, care ethics, and role ethics. The lack of consensus is concerning, as three considerations make clear. First, fully trained, often leading, scholars advocate each of the theories. Second, nearly all participants in the debate believe that the central feature of early Confucianism is (...)
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  4.  20
    AidōsandDikēin International Humanitarian Law: Is IHL a Legal or a Moral System?Hilly Moodrick-Even Khen - 2016 - The Monist 99 (1):26-39.
    Even though International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is, strictly speaking, a branch of international law serving as the body of laws governing the conduct of armed conflicts, it functions also, and perhaps to a greater extent, as a moral system (either followed or rejected) for the armies involved in armed conflicts. As utilitarians already noticed, the development of legal systems was powerfully influenced by moral opinion, and conversely, moral standards had been profoundly influenced by law, so (...)
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  5.  33
    School system as axiological medium: The state’s primary macro-proposing context and its expanding moral role in Australia.Lisa Gunders - 2010 - Pragmatics and Society 1 (1):102-117.
    This paper analyses the Australian Values Education Program (VEP) within the framework of late-classical political economy. Using analytical methods from systemic functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis, we demonstrate that the VEP is an unwitting restatement of the principles of ideology as developed by the likes of Destutt de Tracy and the Young Hegelians. We conclude that the sudden shock of globalisation and the post-national cultures this has entailed is in many ways similar to the shock of formal nationalism that (...)
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  6.  21
    In response to the idea that morality originated when subordinate members of groups banded together to constrain more dominant members, I argue that a more general function of morality is to uphold systems of cooperative exchange ever threatened by.Dennis Krebs - 2000 - In Leonard D. Katz, Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross Disciplinary Perspectives. Imprint Academic. pp. 1--139.
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  7.  26
    Retina Development in Vertebrates: Systems Biology Approaches to Understanding Genetic Programs.Lorena Buono & Juan-Ramon Martinez-Morales - 2020 - Bioessays 42 (4):1900187.
    The ontogeny of the vertebrate retina has been a topic of interest to developmental biologists and human geneticists for many decades. Understanding the unfolding of the genetic program that transforms a field of progenitors cells into a functionally complex and multi‐layered sensory organ is a formidable challenge. Although classical genetic studies succeeded in identifying the key regulators of retina specification, understanding the architecture of their gene network and predicting their behavior are still a distant hope. The emergence of next‐generation sequencing (...)
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  8.  84
    Artificial systems with moral capacities? A research design and its implementation in a geriatric care system.Catrin Misselhorn - 2020 - Artificial Intelligence 278 (C):103179.
    The development of increasingly intelligent and autonomous technologies will eventually lead to these systems having to face morally problematic situations. This gave rise to the development of artificial morality, an emerging field in artificial intelligence which explores whether and how artificial systems can be furnished with moral capacities. This will have a deep impact on our lives. Yet, the methodological foundations of artificial morality are still sketchy and often far off from possible applications. One important area of (...)
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  9.  92
    Moral control and ownership in AI systems.Raul Gonzalez Fabre, Javier Camacho Ibáñez & Pedro Tejedor Escobar - 2021 - AI and Society 36 (1):289-303.
    AI systems are bringing an augmentation of human capabilities to shape the world. They may also drag a replacement of human conscience in large chunks of life. AI systems can be designed to leave moral control in human hands, to obstruct or diminish that moral control, or even to prevent it, replacing human morality with pre-packaged or developed ‘solutions’ by the ‘intelligent’ machine itself. Artificial Intelligent systems (AIS) are increasingly being used in multiple applications and (...)
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  10.  17
    Social Systems as Moral Agents: A Systems Approach to Moral Agency in Business.J. M. L. de Pedro - 2024 - Journal of Business Ethics 195 (4):695-711.
    In the context of business, interactions between individuals generate social systems that emerge anywhere within a corporation or in its relations with external agents. These systems influence the behaviors of individuals and, as a result, the collective actions we usually attribute to corporations. Social systems thus make a difference in processes of action that are often morally evaluated by internal and external agents to the firm. Despite this relevance, social systems have not yet been the object (...)
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  11. Functional stability and systems level causation.Anders Strand & Gry Oftedal - 2009 - Philosophy of Science 76 (5):809-820.
    A wide range of gene knockout experiments shows that functional stability is an important feature of biological systems. On this backdrop, we present an argument for higher‐level causation based on counterfactual dependence. Furthermore, we sketch a metaphysical picture providing resources to explain the metaphysical nature of functional stability, higher‐level causation, and the relevant notion of levels. Our account aims to clarify the role empirical results and philosophical assumptions should play in debates about reductionism and higher‐level causation. It thereby contributes (...)
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  12.  50
    Moral Distress Among Health System Managers: Exploratory Research in Two British Columbia Health Authorities. [REVIEW]Craig Mitton, Stuart Peacock, Jan Storch, Neale Smith & Evelyn Cornelissen - 2011 - Health Care Analysis 19 (2):107-121.
    Moral distress is a concept used to date in clinical literature to describe the experience of staff in circumstances in which they are prevented from delivering the kind of bedside care they believe is expected of them, professionally and ethically. Our research objective was to determine if this concept has relevance in terms of key health care managerial functions, such as priority setting and resource allocation. We conducted interviews and focus groups with mid- and senior-level managers in two (...)
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  13. Planning and Its Function in Our Lives.Michael E. Bratman - 2024 - Journal of Applied Philosophy 41 (1):1-15.
    Our capacity for planning agency is a core capacity that underlies interrelated forms of mind-shaped practical organization: cross-temporal organization of individual agency, shared agency, social rules, and rule-guided organized institutions. A function of our capacity for planning agency is the support of these forms of practical organization. I highlight Peter Godfrey-Smith's contrast between the ‘Wright function’ of something as ‘the effect it has which explains why it is there’ and ‘Cummins functions’ that ‘are capacities or effects of components of (...)
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  14. Can AI systems have free will?Christian List - manuscript
    While there has been much discussion of whether AI systems could function as moral agents or acquire sentience, there has been very little discussion of whether AI systems could have free will. I sketch a framework for thinking about this question, inspired by Daniel Dennett’s work. I argue that, to determine whether an AI system has free will, we should not look for some mysterious property, expect its underlying algorithms to be indeterministic, or ask whether the system (...)
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  15.  57
    Organism and artifact: Proper functions in Paley organisms.Sune Holm - 2013 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44 (4b):706-713.
    In this paper I assess the explanatory powers of theories of function in the context of products that may result from synthetic biology. The aim is not to develop a new theory of functions, but to assess existing theories of function in relation to a new kind of biological and artifactual entity that might be produced in the not-too-distant future by means of synthetic biology. The paper thus investigates how to conceive of the functional nature of living systems (...)
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  16. The function argument for ascribing interests.Parisa Moosavi - 2024 - Synthese 203 (5):1-22.
    In the debate over the moral status of nonsentient organisms, biocentrists argue that all living things, including nonsentient ones, have interests of their own. They often defend this claim by arguing that living organisms are goal-directed, functionally organized systems. This argument for ascribing interests has faced a serious challenge that is sometimes called the Problem of Scope. Critics have argued that ascribing interests on the basis of functional organization would have implausible implications regarding the scope of the argument, (...)
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  17.  35
    Functions and functionals on finite systems.Libo Lo - 1992 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 57 (1):118-130.
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  18.  16
    Propagating belief functions through constraints systems.Jürg Kohlas & Paul-André Monney - 1991 - In Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier, Ronald R. Yager & Lotfi A. Zadeh, Uncertainty in Knowledge Bases: 3rd International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, IPMU'90, Paris, France, July 2 - 6, 1990. Proceedings. Springer. pp. 50--57.
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  19.  66
    Chester Barnard and the systems approach to nurturing organizations.Andrea Gabor & Joseph T. Mahoney - 2013 - In Morgen Witzel & Malcolm Warner, The Oxford Handbook of Management Theorists. Oxford University Press. pp. 134.
    This article describes Chester Barnard, the author of The Functions of the Executive, one of the twentieth century’s most influential books on management and leadership. The book emphasizes competence, moral integrity, rational stewardship, professionalism, and a systems approach, and was written for posterity. Barnard emphasized the role of the manager as both a professional and as a steward of the corporation. His teachings drew on personal insights as a senior executive of AT&T, which saw good governance as (...)
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  20.  80
    Towards a Dynamic Systems Approach to moral development and moral education: a response to the JME Special Issue, September 2008.Minkang Kim & Derek Sankey - 2009 - Journal of Moral Education 38 (3):283-298.
    Is 'development' a concept that properly belongs to mind and morality and, if it does, what account can we give of moral development now that Piagetian and Kohlbergian models are increasingly being abandoned in developmental psychology? In addressing this central issue, it is hoped that the paper will contribute to the quest for a new integrated model of moral functioning, called for in the September 2008 Special Issue of the Journal of Moral Education (37[3]). Our paper argues (...)
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  21.  67
    Emergent functionality among intelligent systems: Cooperation within and without minds. [REVIEW]Cristiano Castelfranchi & Rosaria Conte - 1992 - AI and Society 6 (1):78-87.
    In this paper, the current AI view that emergent functionalities apply only to the study of subcognitive agents is questioned; a hypercognitive view of autonomous agents as proposed in some AI subareas is also rejected. As an alternative view, a unified theory of social interaction is proposed which allows for the consideration of both cognitive and extracognitive social relations. A notion of functional effect is proposed, and the application of a formal model of cooperation is illustrated. Functional cooperation shows the (...)
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  22.  65
    Coming to Terms with the Black Box Problem: How to Justify AI Systems in Health Care.Ryan Marshall Felder - 2021 - Hastings Center Report 51 (4):38-45.
    The use of opaque, uninterpretable artificial intelligence systems in health care can be medically beneficial, but it is often viewed as potentially morally problematic on account of this opacity—because the systems are black boxes. Alex John London has recently argued that opacity is not generally problematic, given that many standard therapies are explanatorily opaque and that we can rely on statistical validation of the systems in deciding whether to implement them. But is statistical validation sufficient to justify (...)
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  23.  34
    Associating Vehicles Automation With Drivers Functional State Assessment Systems: A Challenge for Road Safety in the Future.Christian Collet & Oren Musicant - 2019 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13:408476.
    In the near future, vehicles will gradually gain more autonomous functionalities. Drivers’ activity will be less about driving than about monitoring intelligent systems to which driving action will be delegated. Road safety, therefore, remains dependent on the human factor and we should identify the limits beyond which driver’s functional state (DFS) may no longer be able to ensure safety. Depending on the level of automation, estimating the DFS may have different targets, e.g. assessing driver’s situation awareness in lower levels (...)
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  24.  73
    Rado T.. On non-computable functions. The Bell System technical journal, vol. 41 , pp. 877–884.F. B. Cannonito - 1968 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 32 (4):524-524.
  25.  10
    Functional ideographies are composite semiotic systems.Stephen Chrisomalis - 2023 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e238.
    All sufficiently large functional notations (ideographic or otherwise) are composites of discrete, structured elements (e.g., phonemes, morphemes, numerals). We must consider not only the modality but also the structure of the existing, workable ideographic/semasiographic systems we know (e.g., musical and numerical notation) to establish the cognitive limitations militating against humans memorizing and standardizing domain-general ideographies that would parallel written language.
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  26.  37
    Basic function in the nervous system - a unified theory.John Dempsher - 1982 - Acta Biotheoretica 31 (3):185-202.
    A new theory for basic function in the nervous system has recently been proposed (Dempsher, J., 1979a, 1979b; 1980, 1981). The major basic themes of the new theory are as follows: (1) There are two fundamental units of structure and function, the fibre or conducting mechanism, and the neurocentre, where nervous system function as we know it takes place. (2) The nerve impulse is regarded as a mathematical event. The mathematics is the result of a prescribed fusion of energy and (...)
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  27. Functionality and Autonomy in Open Dynamical Systems.John Collier - unknown
    In Robert West’s talk last week, dynamical systems theory (DST) was applied to a specific problem involving interacting symbolic systems, without much reference to how those systems are embodied or related to other types of systems. Despite this level of abstraction, DST can yield interesting results, though one might be left wondering if it really leads to understanding, or what it all means. In particular, Robert noted problems he has in convincing referees that the sort of (...)
     
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  28.  41
    (1 other version)Beneficent Intelligence: A Capability Approach to Modeling Benefit, Assistance, and Associated Moral Failures Through AI Systems.Alex John London & Hoda Heidari - 2024 - Minds and Machines 34 (4):1-37.
    The prevailing discourse around AI ethics lacks the language and formalism necessary to capture the diverse ethical concerns that emerge when AI systems interact with individuals. Drawing on Sen and Nussbaum’s capability approach, we present a framework formalizing a network of ethical concepts and entitlements necessary for AI systems to confer meaningful benefit or assistance to stakeholders. Such systems enhance stakeholders’ ability to advance their life plans and well-being while upholding their fundamental rights. We characterize two necessary (...)
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  29.  21
    Ethical and Moral Systems.Robert D. Finch - 2008 - Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 16 (2):21-36.
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  30.  20
    Judicial Review in an Objective Legal System.Tara Smith - 2015 - Cambridge University Press.
    How should courts interpret the law? While all agree that courts must be objective, people differ sharply over what this demands in practice: fidelity to the text? To the will of the people? To certain moral ideals? In Judicial Review in an Objective Legal System, Tara Smith breaks through the false dichotomies inherent in dominant theories - various forms of originalism, living constitutionalism, and minimalism - to present a new approach to judicial review. She contends that we cannot assess (...)
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  31.  23
    Functional and Structural Integration without Competence Overstepping in Structured Semantic Knowledge Base System.Marek Krótkiewicz & Krystian Wojtkiewicz - 2014 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 23 (3):331-345.
    Logic, language and information integration is one of areas broadly explored nowadays and at the same time promising. Authors use that approach in their 8 years long research into Structured Semantic Knowledge Base System. The aim of this paper is to present authors idea of system capable of generating synergy effect while storing various type of information. The key assumption, which has been adopted, is the thesis that the attempt to find universal way of the reality description is very inefficient (...)
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  32. Responsibility, Naturalism and ‘the Morality System'.Paul Russell - 2013 - In David Shoemaker, Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press UK. pp. 184-204.
    In "Freedom and Resentment" P.F. Strawson, famously, advances a strong form of naturalism that aims to discredit kcepticism about moral responsibility by way of approaching these issues through an account of our reactive attitudes. However, even those who follow Strawson's general strategy on this subject accept that his strong naturalist program needs to be substantially modified, if not rejected. One of the most influential and important efforts to revise and reconstruct the Strawsonian program along these lines has been provided (...)
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  33.  28
    Symmetry breaking and functional incompleteness in biological systems.Andrej Korenić, Slobodan Perović, Milan Ćirković & Paul-Antoine Miquel - unknown
    Symmetry-based explanations using symmetry breaking as the key explanatory tool have complemented and replaced traditional causal explanations in various domains of physics. The process of spontaneous SB is now a mainstay of contemporary explanatory accounts of large chunks of condensed-matter physics, quantum field theory, nonlinear dynamics, cosmology, and other disciplines. A wide range of empirical research into various phenomena related to symmetries and SB across biological scales has accumulated as well. Led by these results, we identify and explain some common (...)
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  34. What Functions Explain: Functional Explanation and Self-Reproducing Systems.Peter McLaughlin - 2000 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    This 2001 book offers an examination of functional explanation as it is used in biology and the social sciences, and focuses on the kinds of philosophical presuppositions that such explanations carry with them. It tackles such questions as: why are some things explained functionally while others are not? What do the functional explanations tell us about how these objects are conceptualized? What do we commit ourselves to when we give and take functional explanations in the life sciences and the social (...)
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  35. Consistency in Rationalist Moral Systems.Alan Donagan - 1984 - Journal of Philosophy 81 (6):291.
  36.  6
    Unnatural states: the international system and the power to change.Peter Lomas - 2014 - New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
    Unnatural States is a radical critique of international theory, in particular, of the assumption of state agency--that states act in the world in their own right. Peter Lomas argues that since the universal states system is inequitable and rigid, and not all states are democracies anyway, this assumption is unreal, and to adopt it means reinforcing an unjust status quo. Looking at the concepts of state, nation, and agency, Lomas sees populations struggling to find an agreed model of the state, (...)
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  37.  18
    System function languages.M. B. Thuraisingham - 1993 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 39 (1):357-366.
    In this paper we define the concept of a system function language which is a language generated by a system function. We identify system function languages with recursively enumerable sets which are non-simple and co-infinite. We then define restricted system function languages and identify them with recursive sets which are co-infinite. Finally we state and prove some independence and dependence relationships between system function languages and some of the more well-known decision problems. MSC: 03D05, 03D20, 03D25.
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  38.  28
    Formal Systems and Recursive Functions[REVIEW]J. M. P. - 1965 - Review of Metaphysics 19 (1):161-162.
    This is a collection of papers read at an international logic colloquium held at Oxford in 1963. The first half contains articles on intuitionistic and modal logics, the propositional calculus, and languages with infinitely long expressions by such logicians as Kripke, Bull, Harrop, and Tait. The second part is primarily concerned with recursive functions and features a monograph by Crossley on constructive order types, as well as contributions by Goodstein, Schütte, and Wang, among others. Especially noteworthy is Kripke's paper (...)
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  39.  18
    General Recursive Functions in the Number-Theoretic Formal System.Shôji Maehara - 1957 - Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 1 (2):119-130.
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  40.  26
    Stroke systems in Chinese characters: A systemic functional perspective on simplified regular script.Xuanwei Peng - 2017 - Semiotica 2017 (218):1-19.
    This article makes a preliminary attempt to account for the stroke systems of Chinese characters in simplified regular script. The framework utilized is the three meta-functions in Systemic Functional Linguistics. The description observes the cases from the perspectives of the experiential, appraisal, and thematic semiosis of strokes and their constitutional segments to figure out the relevant systems: the line system and the point system. This process witnesses comparisons to seek, in brief though, the traces and origins of (...)
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  41.  10
    Memory: Systems, Process, or Function?Jonathan K. Foster & Marko Jelicic (eds.) - 1999 - Oxford University Press UK.
    Memory represents a key psychological process. It allows us to recall things from the past which may have taken place hours, days, months, or even many years ago. Our memories are intrinsically personal, subjective, and internal, yet without the primary capacity of memory, other important activities such as speech, perception, concept formation, and reasoning would be impossible. The range of different aspects of memory is huge, from our vocabulary and knowledge about language and the world to our personal histories, skills (...)
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  42.  27
    Cylindrical decision problems for system functions.M. B. Thuraisingham - 1983 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 24 (2):188-198.
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  43. What functions explain: Functional explanation and self-reproducing systems.David Chart - 2002 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53 (4):593-596.
  44.  35
    Functional systems as explanatory tools in psychiatry.M. Salcedo-Gómez & Claudia-Lorena García - 2023 - Philosophical Explorations 27 (1):21-40.
    Here we defend the view that one ought to categorize and classify at least some mental disorders as clusters of interrelated dysfunctions of (usually, several) cognitive capacities – that is, the kinds of capacities that are postulated in cognitive science; capacities that are understood as entities that are primarily individuated in cognitive-functional terms (CF-systems); systems that have a set of peculiar properties in their manner of operation when processing information or representations. Usually, some of the mental disorders postulated (...)
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  45. A Shelter from Luck: The Morality System Reconstructed.Matthieu Queloz - 2022 - In András Szigeti & Matthew Talbert, Morality and Agency: Themes From Bernard Williams. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Usa. pp. 182-209.
    Far from being indiscriminately critical of the ideas he associated with the morality system, Bernard Williams offered vindicatory explanations of its crucial building blocks, such as the moral/non-moral distinction, the idea of obligation, the voluntary/involuntary distinction, and the practice of blame. The rationale for these concessive moves, I argue, is that understanding what these ideas do for us when they are not in the service of the system is just as important to leading us out of the system (...)
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  46.  65
    Financial functional analysis: a conceptual framework for understanding the changing financial system.John P. Wilson & Larry Campbell - 2016 - Journal of Economic Methodology 23 (4):413-431.
    The financial system is currently undergoing a revolution brought about by e-finance, digital convergence, new market entrants and government-encouraged competition. New market entrants such as Apple, Alibaba, Facebook and Google come from industries such as IT, retail, social media and telecoms, and, therefore, do not fit comfortably within traditional financial institutional structures. A functional perspective might provide more practical insights into this revolution; however, the functional perspective has had a limited impact. This paper will investigate the benefits and limitations of (...)
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  47. The Morality System with and without God.Ton van den Beld - 2001 - Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 4 (4):383-399.
    What I set out to do is to cast some doubt on the thesis that, in Bernard Williams's words, any appeal to God in morality “either adds nothing at all, or it adds the wrong sort of thing”. A first conclusion is that a morality of real, inescapable and (sometimes) for the agent costly obligations, while being at home in a theistic metaphysic, does not sit easily with metaphysical, atheistic naturalism. The second conclusion is that Christine Korsgaard's impressive ethical project (...)
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  48. Fitting the people they are meant to serve: Reasonable persons in the american legal system.P. S. - 2003 - Law and Philosophy 22 (1):75-110.
    What does the law demand when it requires citizens to conform to standards of reasonableness? I propose and defend the view that the law should demand that citizens conform their behavior to some actual conduct in society. I contrast this idea against what might be called the ``empty vessel'' view of reasonableness, where the standard is understood to function like an empty vessel in the law, allowing courts to use various norms and moral judgments to determine what seems reasonable (...)
     
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  49. Self-organizing moral systems: Beyond social contract theory.Gerald Gaus - 2017 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 17 (2):119-147.
    This essay examines two different modes of reasoning about justice: an individual mode in which each individual judges what we all ought to do and a social mode in which we seek to reconcile our judgments of justice so that we can share common rules of justice. Social contract theory has traditionally emphasized the second, reconciliation mode, devising a central plan to do so. However, I argue that because we disagree not only in our judgments of justice but also about (...)
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  50. Getting over Atomism: Functional Decomposition in Complex Neural Systems.Daniel C. Burnston - 2021 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 72 (3):743-772.
    Functional decomposition is an important goal in the life sciences, and is central to mechanistic explanation and explanatory reduction. A growing literature in philosophy of science, however, has challenged decomposition-based notions of explanation. ‘Holists’ posit that complex systems exhibit context-sensitivity, dynamic interaction, and network dependence, and that these properties undermine decomposition. They then infer from the failure of decomposition to the failure of mechanistic explanation and reduction. I argue that complexity, so construed, is only incompatible with one notion of (...)
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