BackgroundRegularity effect can affect performance in prospective memory, but little is known on the cognitive processes linked to this effect. Moreover, its impacts with regard to aging remain unknown. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine regularity effect in PM in a lifespan perspective, with a sample of young, intermediate, and older adults.Objective and designOur study examined the regularity effect in PM in three groups of participants: 28 young adults, 16 intermediate adults, and 25 older adults. The (...) task, adapted from the Virtual Week, was designed to manipulate the regularity of the various activities of daily life that were to be recalled. We examine the role of several cognitive functions including certain dimensions of executive functions, short-term memory, and retrospective episodic memory to identify those involved in PM, according to... (shrink)

Cet article présente un processus de fouille de données afin d’extraire des connaissances associées au motif de la parenté et de la famille dans un corpus en ancien français de la première moitié du XIIIe siècle. Après une numérisation puis un prétraitement des données fondé sur des techniques de TAL (Traitement Automatique du Langage), il a été procédé à une extraction de motifs séquentiels (enchaînements de voisinages de mots liés à la thématique traitée). Dans cet article, nous présentons les problèmes (...) liés à la numérisation et aux traitements du texte. Puis, nous détaillons ce processus automatique et exhaustif et analysons les premiers résultats obtenus en procédant à l’étude précise d’un motif séquentiel dans différents textes du cycle Lancelot-Graal. (shrink)

Cosmopolis A Review of Cosmopolitics -/- 2015/3-4 -/- Editorial Dominique de Courcelles & Paul Ghils -/- This issue addresses the general concept of “spirituality” as it appears in various cultural contexts and timeframes, through contrasting ideological views. Without necessarily going back to artistic and religious remains of primitive men, which unquestionably show pursuits beyond the biophysical dimension and illustrate practices seeking to unveil the hidden significance of life and death, the following papers deal with a number of interpretations covering a (...) wide field extending from belief to theory, from emotions to concepts, from the wisdom of personal experience to the most sophisticated doctrines. Spirit and spirituality are indeed many-faceted notions. They may refer to the intricate world of the interacting spirits which inhabit living beings in animistic traditions, without excluding a “grand force” linking human beings within a dynamic whole on which their very existence rely . They also bear upon more atomistic and either/or approaches of Western philosophy, which have become embodied in Cartesian dualism against a monotheist background, to the point of freezing the essence of individuals and culminating in the extreme individualism that characterizes our contemporaries. However, this equally refers to the opposite conception of materialism, across times and cultures, from ancient India and Greece (Cārvāka, originally known as Lokāyata, or some Buddhist doctrines for the former, Democritus or Lucretius for the latter) to more contemporary materialistic schools, whether modern or postmodern. -/- The following papers look at the contrasting forms of the philosophy and spirit of the human factor set into a whole, with no artificial disjoint between the psychical and the physical levels, as Wittgenstein put it: “And how can a body have a soul?”. This approach is not unrelated to the notion of anthropocene examined in a recent issue of Cosmopolis, with provides another comprehensive framework open to a spiritual life emerging from the very environment that generated it. -/- *** The first section of this issue was edited by Dominique de Courcelles, director at the National French Research Centre (CNRS), whom we wish to thank for collecting relevant studies relating to the religious and political questions, with a view to focusing on the war of ideas inevitably waged behind images, concepts and perceptions, taking an asymmetrical approach. To the extent that they are mindful of global/local interactions and include representations, opinions and beliefs, such disciplines as philosophy, philology, history and social sciences can provide useful studies accounting for new practices in geopolitics and a fair diplomacy. -/- In her introduction, Dominique de Courcelles first poses the question of how the religious and political spheres interrelate, with their corresponding religious demands and humanistic values. She then suggests that the right question today may be breaking with the philosophy of human rights concerned with the defense of human beings against the hazards of arbitrary politics or the instrumental use of religion, in favour of a fair philosophy of humankind, a new humanism. This would consist in recognizing a common loyalty of all towards one interhuman, not only interstate community, to protect it from both the autonomy demanded by individuals and the instrumental use of minorities. -/- Considering the fact of diversity, so important today in terms of both politics and religion, Abdelhai Azarkan looks at the conditions under which tolerance could obtain the double status of right and duty. He revisits to two philosophers, John Locke and Voltaire, who thought about it from the historical reality of religious wars. The former made tolerance into a right, basing his analysis on the political-legal level, while the latter saw tolerance as a duty, from an analysis based on ethical-political criteria. -/- Mathieu Guidère examines what he calls semantic denominationalism, a term which implies religious attributes and identities, whichever national loyalties or personal belonging they may have at the same time. Since the early 2000s, thie phenomenon has expanded tremendously, compounded by the “war on terror” and the over media-oriented terrorist actions. Denominational expressions act as formal names for ordinary and high-profile players in domestic and foreign policies of democratic states. These systems reveal a receding secularization, while the powerful comeback of religious identities signals the failure of nation-states and the weakening of the humanist spirit. -/- Barbara De Poli retraces the history of a contemporary jihadism claiming its Islamic essence and asserting the truth of genuine coranic principles via the war on infidels, with a view to restoring the Caliphate. After defining the term jihad, she shows that even if this contemporary jiadism is spreading in the Muslim world, it radically departs from Islamic law and the received use of the term jihad, in so far as it is rooted in the early radical thinking of Islamic ideologues in the 20th century, starting with with Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood. This current has been fueled by by international conflicts since the outbreak of the war in Afghanistan, in which the so-called Western countries bear a major responsibility. -/- Abderrazak Sayadi starts from the Tunisian experience to ask the question of humanist values and democracy within the relationships between the religious and political spheres. As a historian of religion, he is brought to demystify certain islamic principles and to paying attention to the reform of law, seeing the separation of religion and politics as a precondition to a successful democratic gamble and the establishment of a renewed humanism. -/- Dominique de Courcelles reminds us that getting a better knowledge of narrations and words makes it possible to better understand how logical and rhetorical thinking works for those who wage an asymetriccal war, re-enchanting and mystifying the world to better take control. As soon as 1932, an exchange of letters between Einstein and Freud made it clear that, in order to free man from fatality and war, education understood as culture was fundamental. Such illustrations as the exécution of Oussama ben Laden and the Caliph’s speech in Mossoul show that a premiminary analysis of images and words is essential to a fair diplomacy conducted by people from civil society, whose culture and wisdom allow justice and force to speak together and better resist war. -/- Marcel Boisard thinks that on the day the guns fall silent, exhausted by war, we will not return to the state borders that have prevailed for a century as an outcome of the Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916. It is time to prepare the “day after”, which will be a huge challenge. To this end, a summit of Middle-East nations is urgently needed to globally decide the fate of those peoples. On the condition that we know who the enemy is and accept to name it, to understand the history of the countries, groups and alliances, and to question any false or self-interested sense of certainty. -/- *** In the second section, Paul Schafer provides the author’s experiences to explain how culture, from the artistic to the biological, has the power to to open the doors to spirituality, from the inner self to the global environment. He asks himself whether a relative permanence of spirituality can arise from the specific moments that characterize it. Laurent Ledoux synthesizes the conclusion of a symposium held on 22 January 2015 on the links between philosophy and management, on the basis of the spiritual dimension conceived as “natural” and the answers it may suggest to the issues that face the organizations in a “contemporaniversal” world. Jacques Rifflet makes that question in a secular perspective, based on the wellsprings of personal commitment before it can be caught by any religious creed or scientific theory. In this sense spirituality, in alliance with reason, both inspires human consciousness and illuminates its destiny. Sami Aldeeb asks himself whether Islam can be reconciled with human rights. Caught between the belief in an absolute and final Word descended from the sky, and evidence showing that any religion is the creation of a given culture and a society situated in time and space, the Makkan and … contexts et médinois call for differentiated, if not opposite answers and exegeses. Bernard Carmona provides the outline of a dialogical framework, which is known to be a feature of debates between the various philosophical schools of classical India, exemplified here by the transdisciplinary perspective of debates within a Buddhist context. *** The articles not focused on the previous topic include a study by Landry Signé on China’s strategy, competing with the United States to control African resources. The author deals with the specific case of China’s rapprochement with Southern Sudan since Sudan was broken up. In the last paper, Goran Fejić and Rada Iveković, return to the essential role that women should play, and comments upon the role of some international legal instruments related in particular to the elimination of all forms of discrimination. The perspective is transnational and transethnic and is based on secular criteria, as regards nation-building and more generally society-building. Considering the persistence of widespread violence, whether in times of armed conflict or in times of peace, the question remains whether it is possible to fully implement rights and justice instruments. (shrink)

As a student in Clermont-Ferrand at the relocated Strasbourg University, Julien Freund (1921-1993) took part in the local actions of the Groupe Franc de Combat. The theme of resistance later found its way into his work as a philosopher and political scientist. This study, based on hitherto unpublished archival documents, attempts to synthesise his scattered remarks in an attempt to identify the main thrust of his work.

This article introduces a framework which aims at capturing the complexity of economic organizations. The analysis of most legitimate conventions of coordination results in a new approach to the firm as a compromising device between several modes of coordination which engage different repertoires of evaluation. This contribution to the Économie des conventions offers an analytical tool to operate comparative research on firms, intermediate regulatory committees or public policies.

This article explores the category of biopolitics through the use Roberto Esposito and Giorgio Agamben make of two Greek words, bios and ōē. In particular, I argue that the separation of bios and ōē as introduced in Homo Sacer has no "natural" nor "lingual" relevance. The exposition of such a fabulous antinomy simply ruins the historical matter of Agamben's discourse on biopolitics. Here, Esposito's research could be read as an attempt to found the category of biopolitics anew without repeating the (...) fiction of a bifurcation between ōē and bios. However, Esposito, in his own celebration of biopower, undermines the very power of language and, thus, ignores the variation of the invariant that is history. Esposito's and Agamben's difficulties lead us back to the possible ambition of all politics to absorb all life, as it was already expressed by Aristotle. In this sense, "modern biopolitics" becomes a case study for the totalitarian temptation of political order. (shrink)

While modern theories of emotion emphasize the role of higher-order cognitive processes such as semantics in human emotion, much research into emotional learning has ignored the potential contribut...

This essay attempts to describe the neo-Lamarckian atmosphere that was dominant in French biology for more than a century. Firstly, we demonstrate that there were not one but at least two French neo-Lamarckian traditions. This implies, therefore, that it is possible to propose a clear definition of a (neo)Lamarckian conception, and by using it, to distinguish these two traditions. We will see that these two conceptions were not dominant at the same time. The first French neo-Lamarckism (1879–1931) was structured by (...) a very mechanic view of natural processes. The main representatives of this first period were scientists such as Alfred Giard (1846–1908), Gaston Bonnier (1853–1922) and Félix Le Dantec (1869–1917). The second Lamarckism – much more vitalist in its inspiration – started to develop under the supervision of people such as Albert Vandel (1894–1980) and Pierre-Paul Grassé (1895–1985). Secondly, this essay suggests that the philosophical inclinations of these neo-Lamarckisms reactivated a very ancient and strong dichotomy of French thought. One part of this dichotomy is a material, physicalist tradition, which started with René Descartes but developed extensively during the 18th and 19th centuries. The other is a spiritual and vitalist reaction to the first one, which also had a very long history, though it is most closely associated with the work of Henri Bergson. Through Claude Bernard, the first neo-Lamarckians tried to construct a mechanical and determinist form of evolutionary theory which was, in effect, a Cartesian theory. The second wave of neo-Lamarckians wanted to reconsider the autonomy and reactivity of life forms, in contrast to purely physical systems. (shrink)

We investigate the role of continuous reductions and continuous relativization in the context of higher randomness. We define a higher analogue of Turing reducibility and show that it interacts well with higher randomness, for example with respect to van Lambalgen’s theorem and the Miller–Yu/Levin theorem. We study lowness for continuous relativization of randomness, and show the equivalence of the higher analogues of the different characterizations of lowness for Martin-Löf randomness. We also characterize computing higher [Formula: see text]-trivial sets by higher (...) random sequences. We give a separation between higher notions of randomness, in particular between higher weak 2-randomness and [Formula: see text]-randomness. To do so we investigate classes of functions computable from Kleene’s [Formula: see text] based on strong forms of the higher limit lemma. (shrink)

A central object of study in the field of algorithmic randomness are notions of randomness for sequences, i.e., infinite sequences of zeros and ones. These notions are usually defined with respect to the uniform measure on the set of all sequences, but extend canonically to other computable probability measures. This way each notion of randomness induces an equivalence relation on the computable probability measures where two measures are equivalent if they have the same set of random sequences. In what follows, (...) we study the equivalence relations induced by Martin-Löf randomness, computable randomness, Schnorr randomness and Kurtz randomness, together with the relations of equivalence and consistency from probability theory. We show that all these relations coincide when restricted to the class of computable strongly positive generalized Bernoulli measures. For the case of arbitrary computable measures, we obtain a complete and somewhat surprising picture of the implications between these relations that hold in general. (shrink)

Les écrits du dernier Husserl développent une théorie du monde de la vie qui s’expose dans la Krisis de 1936 et dans les nombreux textes inédits qui lui font cortège. Si cette théorie du monde de la vie ne se présente pas, à première vue, comme une éthique ou une théorie de l’éthique, elle demeure marquée par une préoccupation éthique qui scelle l’unité des analyses husserliennes. Dans cet article, on cherchera à préciser les contours et la portée de cette ultime (...) éthique husserlienne, en revenant en particulier sur le motif de l’auto-méditation que Hus-serl érige en principe de la responsabilité individuelle et sociale. (shrink)

In the context of change to the “new modernity” described in Beck’s work, companies develop management modes and methods that focus more and more on individuals. Constitutive of the individualization process, human resources practices have become ambivalent as the process itself. This contribution examines how a managerial and organizational innovation as telework contributes to the process of individualization, and the paradoxes it addresses to management. At the interface of the social and the technical, teleworking appears as a flexible arrangement, meeting (...) employees’ and employer’s demands – which is a characteristic of the process of individualization – by simultaneously fragmenting collectivity, exposing individuals to social risk, and producing exclusion. The authors focus on two consecutive paradoxes of such individualized managerial practices: the individual–collective dilemma and the autonomy–control paradox. Finally, the paper reveals HRM as a new institution of individualization in a world where regulation functions are more and more transferred to individuals themselves. (shrink)

"What one cannot compute, one must poetize." So concludes this remarkable sequence of propositions on the centrality of poetry for what we call cognition. Developed through brief, lucid, and eloquent logical elaborations that are punctuated by incisive readings of a range of poems--Western and non-Western, low culture and high--Poetry and Mind offers to theorists and practitioners of literature, together with logicians and cognitive scientists, a more sophisticated account of the extraordinary regimes of human mental experience. Poetry grants us the ability (...) to move "beyond the limits of thought" and to explore the beyond of cognition. It teaches us to think differently. An elliptic response to Wittgenstein's point of arrival in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, this book is first and foremost an interdisciplinary study of poetry, drawing on literary, philosophical, and scientific traditions. The work conducted on minds and brains over the last decades in psychology, artificial intelligence, and neuroscience cannot be ignored if, as humanists, we are interested in the way we think. Dubreuil thus calls for a constant dialogue with the positive examination of cognition to better situate the normal regimes of thought, as well as to underline the other mental possibilities that literature opens up. Poetry and Mind shows that poetry--a widespread and perhaps universal phenomenon among humans--arises through syntactic structures, cognitive binding, and mental regulations, but that, in going through them, it also exceeds them. The best poems, then, are not only thought experiments but actual thinking experiments for the unthinkable. They expand the usual semantics of natural languages, and singularly deploy the rhetorical armature of speech. Made of iterations and linguistic reorganizations, they exceed their own algorithms and, often, they become reflexive, strange, and cognitively dissonant. They provide detachable, movable, and livable significations to our selves. The literary scope of this book is more than "global": it is uniquely broad and comparative, encompassing dozens of different traditions, oral or written, from all continents, from Ancient times to the contemporary era, with some thirty specific readings of texts, ranging from Sophocles to Gertrude Stein, from Wang Wei to Aimé Césaire, and from cuneiform tablet to rap music. Together, Dubreuil's readings and elaborations offer a major reappraisal of the relations between creation, language and our embodied brains."--Publisher's website. (shrink)

Malgré l’évidente réticence du parti anticlérical à adopter une nouvelle religion avec un dogme et des sacrements, la promotion philosophico-politique du lien social sous la Troisième République a conduit à revisiter en théorie, sinon en pratique, quelques thèmes majeurs du positivisme religieux. Le parcours ici proposé va de la politique (Ferry, Léon Bourgeois, Jaurès, la libre-pensée) à la philosophie morale et sociale (Jean-Marie Guyau, Alfred Fouillée, Gustave Belot, Émile Boutroux) et de celle-ci à la sociologie (Durkheim) et à l’analyse de (...) la pensée (Alain). L’usage ambigu, sélectif, des textes et des idées de Comte, mélange d’hommage et d’aversion, reflète la liberté d’interprétation qui parvient à féconder une philosophie au-delà de son cadre d’origine. L’enquête privilégie cet axe de recherche et met au jour les transactions par lesquelles s’est monnayé un héritage que l’on aurait tort de croire aujourd’hui disparu. (shrink)

Why is contempt seen as potentially lacking in the respect for persons and therefore prima facie subject to negative moral evaluation? This paper starts by looking at a distinctive feature of contempt in the context of thick relationships, such as those of friendship, close professional collaboration, or romantic love: there is an irreversibility effect attached to the experience of contempt. Once contempt occurs in a thick relationship, it seems very difficult to return to non-contemptuous reactive attitudes. The second part argues (...) that the irreversibility effect is due to the fact that contempt is an affective attitude which tends to invisibilize the person who is the object of contempt. The tendency to invisibilize is inscribed in the intentional structure of contempt as well as in its motivational dimension. The final part explores some consequences of this hypothesis, and in particular argues that it also explains why contempt motivated by abject wrongdoing, as opposed to resentment, anger, or hatred, tends to block any process of forgiveness. (shrink)

La philosophie de Plotin se situe a la croisee de deux metaphysiques. La premiere culmine avec l'affirmation de l'identite entre l'etre et la pensee: en introduisant les Formes intelligibles dans l'Intellect divin, elle conjugue platonisme et aristotelisme. La seconde inaugure un courant qui marquera durablement l'histoire de la philosophie occidentale, a travers notamment la tradition de la theologie negative. L'ontologie grecque est ainsi menee a son achevement en meme temps qu'elle est debordee par la position d'un au-dela de l'etre, l'Un, (...) et ebranlee par l'impensable extinction de l'etre que represente la matiere. La pensee se trouve aux prises avec deux figures du non-etre, qu'il s'agisse de ce non-etre par defaut qu'est la matiere, ou du non-etre par sureminence propre au premier Principe. Ce livre a donc pour objet de montrer qu'il ne s'agit chez Plotin ni d'une forme superieure d'onto-theologie, ni de la sortie de la metaphysique a laquelle aspire tout un courant de la reflexion contemporaine, mais bien d'une nouvelle et autre metaphysique, qui reussit a entrelacer infini et totalite. C'est ce noeud et cette tension entre deux metaphysiques, dont chacune engage une figure differente de l'alterite, que font apparaitre des analyses patientes et eclairantes des textes des Enneades. Cet ouvrage presente donc a la fois une reinterpretation de l'oeuvre de Plotin et une reflexion profonde sur des problemes qui, de Hegel a Heidegger et de Schelling a Levinas et Derrida, continuent encore et toujours a inquieter la pensee. (shrink)

Bernard Mandeville is often cited as one of the most influential thinkers on the theories of spontaneous social order. According to Friedrich August Hayek, B. Mandeville, in his The fable of the Bees (1714), enables a completely transformed understanding of social order. Is the order we observe in society the product of human design or does it, conversely, come about spontaneously? Far from being the product of some kind of human intention, the order observed in society is the result of (...) a self-regulating and self-perpetuating process.Mandeville’s approach aims to invalidate any form of social constructivism. Society is therefore seen as an “edifice without an architect” (Gilles Dostaler, Le libéralisme de Hayek). Mandeville, like the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, considers social order to be the outcome of human action rather than human intention.However, neither Mandeville nor Hayek succeeds in eliminating human design in their approach of social order. This paper seeks to establish that human design is even at work in the theory of spontaneous social order. (shrink)

Attentional bias to threat has been almost exclusively examined after participants experienced repeated pairings between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). This study aimed to determine whether threat-related attentional capture can result from observational learning, when participants acquire knowledge of the aversive qualities of a stimulus without themselves experiencing aversive outcomes. Non-clinical young-adult participants (N = 38) first watched a video of an individual (the demonstrator) performing a Pavlovian conditioning task in which one colour was paired (...) with shock (CS+) and another colour was neutral (CS−). They then carried out visual search for a shape-defined target. Oculomotor measures evidenced an attentional bias toward the CS+ colour, suggesting that threat-related attentional capture can ensue from observational learning. Exploratory analyses also revealed that this effect was positively correlated with empathy for the demonstrator. Our findings extend empirical and theoretical knowledge about threat-driven attention and provide valuable insights to better understand the formation of anxiety disorders. (shrink)

Qu’est-ce qu’une sensation pour un médecin hippocratique? Cette question est traitée ici à partir d’une recherche sur le rôle que les traités chirurgicaux et le Pronostic accordent aux sensations du malade d’une part, du praticien d’autre part, dans l’élaboration du jugement médical, selon ses deux moments principaux que sont l’estimation d’un pronostic et le choix d’une conduite thérapeutique. L’hypothèse mise en œuvre est celle de la réflexivité de la médecine hippocratique : la représentation que les médecins se faisaient de l’élaboration (...) du jugement médical à partir des signes sensibles doit être conforme aux théories médicales de la sensation et du jugement. Si cette hypothèse est valide, la pratique clinique hippocratique doit refléter les conceptions médicales de la sensation et du jugement, et peut donc en témoigner. Cette étude confirme cette hypothèse et établit que le jugement résulte, pour les médecins hippocratiques, d’un mélange des sensations. Ces dernières sont comprises comme des processus physiologiques dont les vecteurs de diffusion sont, selon notamment certains textes anatomiques, les vaisseaux. Aucun texte hippocratique, pas même Maladie sacrée, ne localise un siège de la sensation ou du jugement. Les conseils adressés aux médecins pour viser l’exactitude dans un jugement toujours singulier (Ancienne médecine, 9) relèvent d’un régime des sensations (« l’économie autour du malade » d’Épidémies VI) analogue au régime des aliments et des exercices que les médecins prescrivent à ceux qui les consultent. Par‑delà leurs différences doctrinales, une certaine unité des traités qui forment le noyau de la Collection hippocratique est ainsi confirmée. Cette unité est d’abord celle de la théorie du mélange compris comme crase, qui joue dans la conception du jugement médical à partir des sensations un rôle éminent. (shrink)

Cette étude entend rendre compte de la conception que propose George Berkeley de la connaissance de mon existence en tant qu’esprit. Il s’agit en particulier d’interpréter sa formulation du cogito : « Je sais ce que j’entends par les termes je et moi-même ». Cette question est liée aux problèmes intrinsèques de la doctrine controversée des « notions » et plus généralement de la sémantique berkeleyenne. On doit accorder une certaine attention aux différences d’accent entre des passages parallèles des Principes (...) de la connaissance humaine, des Trois dialogues et de l’Alciphron VII. Les principales interprétations XXe siècle, usuel dans le commentaire, est une source de simplification abusive. (shrink)

The article analyzes the perception of the revolt of 1378 in Florentine memory, from the end of the 14th century to the middle of the 15th century. Two types of sources – Florentine family books and humanistic writings – are submitted to a crossed analysis. From the confrontation of those sources, the two following conclusions can be drawn: first, the interpretations of the event gradually change and eventually shun any socio-economic analysis of the conflict; second, those interpretations reflect two key (...) political issues, both distinct and consecutive in time: the resemantization of guelfism and, from the 1430s onwards, the social analysis of the republic through a rigidly hierarchical framework. (shrink)

Nuclear pre‐mRNAs must be precisely processed to give rise to mature cytoplasmic mRNAs. This maturation process, known as splicing, involves excision of intron sequences and ligation of the exon sequences. One of the major problems in understanding this process is how splice sites, the sequences which form the boundaries between introns and exons, can be accurately selected. A number of studies have defined conserved sequences within introns which were later shown to interact with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). However, due to (...) the simplicity of these conserved sequences it has become clear that other elements must be involved and a number of studies have indicated the importance of secondary structures within pre‐mRNAs. Using various examples, we shall show that such structures can help to specify splice sites by modifying physical distances within introns or by being involved in the definition of exons and, lastly, that they can be part of the regulation of alternative splicing. (shrink)

Élites et consommateurs s’accordent sur les possibles inédits qu’instaure la pratique contemporaine du jeu vidéo, tout en questionnant la rémanence de leurs effets, notamment agressogènes, auprès des usagers. Contrastant avec la thèse cathartique, qui implique que l’expérience du jeu vidéo remplirait une fonction purgatrice d’évacuation des affects agressifs, des faisceaux de travaux empiriques accréditent une thèse mimétique, selon laquelle la « martialisation » des émotions induites par la violence guerrière virtuelle, à l’instar des univers persistants du jeu vidéo, déploierait son (...) empire bien au-delà de l’expérience circonscrite du joueur devant un écran de visualisation. (shrink)

Kojève le célèbre inconnu. Il est toujours utile, pour comprendre un philosophe, de connaître certains traits de sa vie. C'est bien le cas pour Kojève (1902-1968), bien que cela soit difficile. Un temps soupçonné d'être un espion soviétique, exceptionnellement discret, il brouilla les cartes toute sa vie en donnant souvent de lui une image factice. Kojève remyclopédiste. C'est un philosophe au sens où il chercha sans cesse. Kojève veut tout savoir pour tout comprendre et pour dire le tout. Une pensée (...) à contre-courant. Philosophe controversé qui réactualisa Hegel et fut critiqué par Jacques Derrida, il veut trouver et dire la vérité. À une époque où le "politiquement correct" produit un scepticisme de principe, ses prises de position peuvent paraître singulièrement dogmatiques, immodestes, voire folles. La vie est une comédie, car l'on n'y est jamais sûr de rien. Mais c'est la seule que nous ayons à jouer, si l'on en croit Kojève. Et la seule chance qu'elle "vaille le coup", c'est qu'en prenant le risque de la jouer, on le fasse sérieusement."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Les auteurs de ce livre partent d'un constat clair : il n'y a pas de problème d'intelligence artificielle, il n'y a que le problème de nos attentes à l'égard de ce que nous avons nous-mêmes créé. L'ouvrage étudie donc un enjeu sociétal actuel décisif : notre rapport aux technologies. Mené à deux voix, il interroge notre vision de l'intelligence artificielle en tant que technologie. Il présente l'intérêt du double éclairage de la philosophie et de l'informatique. L'informaticien sait ce que fait (...) ou ne fait pas la machine. Le philosophe interroge, par sa position délibérément "naïve" vis-à-vis de la technologie, le sens et la pertinence des usages que nous en faisons sur tous les plans : personnel, économique, commercial, social, politique, etc. Ces échanges montrent que, s'il y a un sujet, il n'est pas tant relatif aux technologies elles-mêmes, mais bien aux usages que nous en faisons, à ce que nous en attendons et à ce dont nous rêvons. (shrink)

The $\Omega $ numbers—the halting probabilities of universal prefix-free machines—are known to be exactly the Martin-Löf random left-c.e. reals. We show that one cannot uniformly produce, from a Martin-Löf random left-c.e. real $\alpha $, a universal prefix-free machine U whose halting probability is $\alpha $. We also answer a question of Barmpalias and Lewis-Pye by showing that given a left-c.e. real $\alpha $, one cannot uniformly produce a left-c.e. real $\beta $ such that $\alpha - \beta $ is neither left-c.e. (...) nor right-c.e. (shrink)

Le manuscrit dont nous donnons une première édition française fut rédigé en décembre 1862 et représente la première ébauche des trois premières sections du livre III du Capital. De fait, Marx l’a intitulé « Chapitre 3. Capital et Profit », en référence au plan rédigé un mois plus tard, dans lequel ce chapitre devient la « troisième section » du Capital, soit le futur Livre III lui-même. -/- Marx y traite en effet de la transformation de la plus-value en profit (...) et du taux de plus-value en taux de profit, de la transformation du profit en profit moyen et de la loi de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit. Ce chapitre est accompagné de quelques pages intitulées Miscellanea, notes complémentaires aux développements du texte principal. À en juger par le sous-titre que Marx a donné au texte, Heft Ultimum (cahier ultimum), on peut penser qu'il en était suffisamment satisfait pour qu'il serve de matériau principal à la rédaction définitive. Néanmoins, bien que le texte présente une unité et une cohérence théoriques, il faut noter que le temps a marqué le manuscrit de son empreinte, certaines pages nous étant parvenues à l'état de fragment. -/- Concernant la transformation des valeurs en prix de production, le texte prend à revers l’histoire du long et fastidieux commentaire sur le problème du calcul de la transformation, en insistant sur l’oubli de l’origine de la plus-value provoqué par la forme profit et achevé dans le taux général de profit qui s’établit par la concurrence des capitaux. D’une manière générale, Marx manifeste en permanence dans ce texte son souci de bien distinguer l’essence des phénomènes économiques de leur mode d’apparition dans la réalité immédiate. C’est pour lui la seule tâche justifiant le caractère scientifique de l’économie politique. Les lois abstraites de la plus-value, en effet, ne peuvent être démontrées directement à partir du profit empirique – c’est ainsi que Marx qualifie le taux général de profit – dans la mesure où celui-ci rend invisibles les lois fondamentales de la production capitaliste. -/- . (shrink)

La thèse est développée en quatre axes : 1°) la mise à jour d’une égalité réelle dans la conception des régimes réformés du TP ; 2°) l’étude, dans le TTP, de deux exemples de résistance ; 3°) la corrélation, dans le TP, entre citoyenneté et « vie humaine » ; 4°) en montrant que la conception spinoziste de la « prudence » se démarque de l’« obéissance » en faisant de cette prudence la puissance constituante de la « liberté commune (...) ». (shrink)

Résumé Le texte de L. Bove (suite à l’article de M. Vatter dans le numéro 9 de Multitudes ) examine à son tour le trinôme libéralisme, orthodoxie, démocratie, mais à partir de la philosophie de Spinoza. Celle-ci pense en effet une radicalité de l’orthodoxie et une radicalité démocratique en dehors d’une juridication du politique. Mais la perspective spinoziste nous conduit plutôt à penser que si la démocratie est le véritable adversaire asymétrique de la politique de l’État moderne, cette politique se (...) construit cependant, dans sa vérité effective, en symétrie parfaite avec un modèle d’orthodoxie. L’avantage de mettre à jour une telle équivalence nous permet de lire aujourd’hui l’inquiétante possibilité qu’a le libéralisme d’une voie explicite d’éradication historique (ou post-historique) radicale de son adversaire démocratique. Cette voie lui est offerte par un modèle d’orthodoxie qui a su déjà répondre au problème de la revendication démocratique. Ce modèle parfait de l’obéissance, c’est celui que Spinoza a découvert et étudié dans la théocratie hébraïque ancienne, modèle d’orthodoxie (an-historique) dont l’État monarchique hobbesien (auquel nous sommes aujourd’hui confrontés sous la figure juridico-politique de la démocratie libérale) pourrait n’être que l’expression moderne (post-historique). Ce sont les soubassements théoriques de cette inquiétante configuration, quant aux funestes perspectives qu’elle éclaire, qui sont examinés ici. Ce que nous apprend ainsi Spinoza c’est que ce que nous devons appeler « politique»s’identifie inéluctablement, pour nous, avec la question même de l’anthropogenèse. (shrink)

It is from the point of view of the productive force of the «singularities » and the affirmation of the multiplicity, of virtues talents, that the young thinker is revolted by a Reason that doesn’t discuss, justify and invent. Positing misery as one of the primary elements the philosophical experience of the world, V conceinves the knowledge by sentiment the force that snatches away modem thought from the era of meditation on death, in order to re-inscribe the philosophique expression in (...) the powerful dynamic of " perpetual generation " of the temporal being of the "desire-without object ". And this effort, pregnant with the whole cooperative experience of the world, is political. It is that of a soul " capable of multiplying "that, strategically, decides of the future. In this "becoming plural " of the "popular and accessible "prince, it is thus the idea of a radical re-founding of the very conception of the State, correlative to the philosophical re founding of the relation between Reason and the passions, that is clearly posed. (shrink)

Today, it becomes more and more common to combine services from different providers into one application. Service composition is however difficult and cumbersome when there is no common trust anchor. Hence, delegation of access rights across trust domains will become essential in service composition scenarios. This article specifies abstract delegation, discusses theoretical aspects of the concept, and provides technical details of a validation implementation supporting a variety of access controls and associated delegation mechanisms. Abstract delegation allows to harmonize the management (...) of heterogeneous access control mechanisms and to offer a unified user experience. The authors observe standardization efforts to reduce application and domain-specific delegation mechanisms, but this variety is very unlikely to completely disappear. (shrink)