A basic intuition we have regarding the nature of time is that the future is open whereas the past is fixed. For example, whereas we think that there are things we can do to affect how the future will unfold, we think that there are not things we can do to affect how the past unfolded. However, although this intuition is largely shared, it is not a straightforward matter to determine the nature of the asymmetry it reflects. So, in this (...) paper, I survey various philosophical ways of characterizing the asymmetry between the ‘open future’ and the ‘fixed past’ in order to account for our intuition. In particular, I wonder whether the asymmetry is to be characterized in semantic, epistemic, metaphysical or ontological terms. I conclude that, although many of these characterizations may contribute to a global understanding of the phenomenon, an ontological characterization of the asymmetry is to be preferred, since it is superior to the alternatives in explanatory power, intelligibility, and in how it coheres with interesting senses of openness. (shrink)

Las experiencias de unio mystica alcanzadas por Plotino encuentran su reflejo en los escritos que los pensadores gnósticos utilizan en sus discusiones con este en Roma, tal como describen Zostrianos (NH VIII, 1) y Allógenes (NH XI, 3). A pesar de dicha rivalidad filosófica, es posible encontrar similitudes entre los testimonios si analizamos estas experiencias a través de su relación con los denominados Estados Alterados de Consciencia (EAC), concepto propuesto por la psicología de la religión. Tanto el corpus filosófico como (...) la tradición gnóstica describen este estado particular del alma (ψυχἠ) al detallar el proceso mistico. En dicho proceso destaca para ambos el cambio profundo en la consciencia del iniciado, aunque neoplatónicos y gnósticos difieren en los límites de identificación con la divinidad.De esta forma, a través del análisis textual y filológico, centraremos el presente trabajo en el estudio de la unio mystica en dos aspectos. Por una parte, en el proceso mismo seguido por el iniciado. Por otra, en el grado de unión o contacto del visionario-iniciado con el Absoluto o la divinidad. Dicho análisis subrayará los caminos comunes que impulsaban ambas escuelas de pensamiento en su búsqueda de lo trascendente, a la vez que planteará preguntas esenciales sobre dicho proceso que delimitarán claramente las diferencias entre las mismas. (shrink)

Transhumanism is a scientific and philosophical movement that proposes to overcome, through new technologies, the restrictions imposed on us by our biological condition. Some transhumanists assume that the struggle against natural limits could lead to a radical change in our body or even to its replacement. Other authors, such as Nicholas Agar, propose a moderate enhancement that does not exceed the framework of what we understand to be human. In this article, I will offer a plausible interpretation of the project (...) of human enhancement from a Thomistic perspective. To carry out my analysis, I will focus on three fundamental metaphysical and anthropological questions: How do advocates of radical enhancement understand the relationship between limits, imperfections and evils in human nature? How is this relationship understood from moderate positions? And Is any of these proposals compatible with Aquinas’ anthropology? I will conclude that the identification of limits with imperfections and evils assumed by radical positions is incompatible with Aquinas’ anthropology. Nevertheless, this does not entail that any bio-modification is unacceptable. Aquinas’ peculiar metaphysics, together with its anthropology in which the natural, the supernatural and the preternatural realms intertwine, can offer an interesting framework to assess the human enhancement project. (shrink)

In the recent literature on militant democracy, two claims are made on the relation between its most famous advocate, Karl Loewenstein, and German jurist Carl Schmitt. The first claim is that, although the latter came to support the Nazi regime, in the late 1920s he provided an early model of militant democracy that looks more robust and elaborated than Loewenstein’s. Schmitt’s constrained democracy is believed to cut deeper into that which militancy is supposed to safeguard. The second claim is that (...) this latter model underlies other versions of militant democracy, including Loewenstein’s. This article argues that the first claim is largely correct while the second is to be rejected. In doing so, it delves deep into Schmitt’s understanding of the materiality of law, that is, the social normativity that he believed the constitution was designed to protect, and casts light on the procedural orientation of Loewenstein’s militant democracy. The conclusion is that both these theories espouse a form of conservatism, though different from one another, and that in different ways both can be detrimental to democracy. (shrink)

The processing of emotional nonlinguistic information in speech is defined as emotional prosody. This auditory nonlinguistic information is essential in the decoding of social interactions and in our capacity to adapt and react adequately by taking into account contextual information. An integrated model is proposed at the functional and brain levels, encompassing 5 main systems that involve cortical and subcortical neural networks relevant for the processing of emotional prosody in its major dimensions, including perception and sound organization; related action tendencies; (...) and associated values that integrate complex social contexts and ambiguous situations. (shrink)

En este artículo ofrecemos una visión sobre los nuevos escenarios que enfrenta la ciencia abierta en un contexto marcado por desafíos micro y macro estructurales que la pandemia de COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto. En primer lugar, se describen las políticas en el ámbito del acceso abierto, punta de lanza de la ciencia abierta y las resistencias que todavía encuentran estas prácticas. Se analiza, también, la participación de diferentes actores en los procesos de construcción de conocimiento científico, a través de (...) prácticas de investigación participativa y ciencia ciudadana, así como en la creciente preeminencia de los datos. Se discuten, además, las principales tensiones estructurales que aparecen en los procesos de apertura analizando la construcción de políticas públicas sobre ciencia abierta. A modo de cierre, se introduce una reflexión sobre la situación actual en la que la epidemia del coronavirus está mostrando el rol cada vez más central que las prácticas abiertas tienen y tendrán en nuestra sociedad. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 106 Heft: 4 Seiten: 581-595.

The article criticises Reale's esoteric interpretation of Plato from a hermeneutical point of view. Reale speaks of doctrines, written and unwritten, where we only have two traditions: direct and indirect. Plato's own works build a corpus and a collection of testimonies from different authors cannot be considered as interpretatively superior. To be written down is essential to interpretation and the text cannot be fixed on a concrete reading, because textuality means openness to new understandings. In this way, the attempt to (...) reread Plato's dialogs in the light of this indirect tradition is to reduce the Platonic corpus to a mere pretext. (shrink)

In this paper we discuss the issue of the processes potentially underlying the emergence of emotional consciousness in the light of theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. First, we argue that componential emotion models, and specifically the Component Process Model , may be better able to account for the emergence of feelings than basic emotion or dimensional models. Second, we advance the hypothesis that consciousness of emotional reactions emerges when lower levels of processing are not sufficient to cope with the event (...) and regulate the emotional process, particularly when the degree of synchronization between the components reaches a critical level and duration. Third, we review recent neuroscience evidence that bolsters our claim of the central importance of the synchronization of neuronal assemblies at different levels of processing. (shrink)

Inscriptions from Thasos. This article presents twelve inscriptions, most of them found during the excavations of the French School at Athens from 1970 to 1973. Among them, we note particularly two short lists of theoroi inscribed on stones which do not belong to the “ passage of theoroi” but allow correcting or improving ancient readings of some lists found in this place ; dedications of magistrates or private persons, one of which was consecrated by all the magistrates in office the (...) same year— unfortunately, without any information concerning the offices ; the horos stone of a new patre to be added to those found by Cl. Rolley during his excavations of the Thesmophorion ; three epitaphs inscribed on a sarcophagus, one of them metrical. These inscriptions date from the first half of the fourth century BC to the second half of the second or the beginning of the third century AD. (shrink)

Recent scholarship (Goodwin & Darley, 2008) on the meta-ethical debate between objectivism and relativism has found people to be mixed: they are objectivists about some issues, but relativists about others. The studies discussed here sought to explore this further. Study 1 explored whether giving people the ability to identify moral issues for themselves would reveal them to be more globally objectivist. Study 2 explored people's meta-ethical commitments more deeply, asking them to provide verbal explanations for their judgments. This revealed that (...) while people think they are relativists, this may not always be the case. The explanations people gave were sometimes rated by outside (blind) coders as being objective, even when given a relativist response. Nonetheless, people remained meta-ethical pluralists. Why this might be is discussed. (shrink)

The states of affairs are one of the basic categories of the formal ontology in the husserlian sense of this word. They are the objectiv correlates of judgements and they have an existence independent of propositions and of acts of judging. Their form is "the being-b of A". States of affairs have different properties. One of the most important is that they are bearers of ontological modalities. In this respect the analysis of the different classes of modalities needs to be (...) completed for ontological investigations which make clear the several types of essences and the laws which are grounded in these essences. (shrink)

The inscription that is the subject of this article was discovered in October 2005 and enables us to identify a new sanctuary on Thasos that came to light in 2003 not far from the Thesmophorion, but which has hitherto remained anonymous. It is a Delion, dedicated to 'Delian' Apollo and Artemis. The text, which is dated fairly early in the first half of the 4th century BC, consists of two successive decrees: the first forbids women from entering the sanctuary during (...) the Thesmophoria, and the second forbids the grazing of cattle in it. The punishment for those who contravene is of a moral and religious order, the ενθυμιστόν, which, in this form, is attested epigraphically only on Thasos on two occasions. The study of the text affords an opportunity to draw up a list of the Delia known in the ancient Greek world and to touch upon the subject of the relations between Thasos, its mother city Paros, and the Delian sanctuary. The role played by the Delion on Thasos in the defensive system of the city in the Archaic period is also emphasised. (shrink)

The debate between the pure or fundamentalist branch of mathematics and the applied one induces to discuss dispassionately the links between the queen of sciences and the development of technology. To avoid the existing difficulty in separating the concrete daily problems from the conceptual and theoretic reflections, it generally produces good results to show some elements of the relations between mathematics and teehnology. The autonomous position, which characterizes the mathematics of absolute freedom, clashes with the quick development of technology, which (...) creates a new structure of mathematics. This development produces a pennanent interrogation about what is building and developing anyone who calls himself a mathematician. (shrink)

Nicolás, esta entrevista pretende ser un estímulo para que, al hilo de unas cuantas preguntas, expongas algunos aspectos de tu pensamiento y de tu trayectoria intelectual. La conmemoración de los cincuenta años de existencia de los Anales coincide aproximadamente con el momento de tu jubilación. Tú has dirigido la revista durante la mayor parte de este tiempo y, desde luego, has sido un testigo importante de la evolución de la filosofía jurídica durante ese periodo, además de haber participado directamente en (...) ella y de haber protagonizado algunos de sus momentos de mayor relieve. Por el interés que suscita tu propia obra, y por el interés que suscita esa obra y sus vicisitudes en el contexto político e intelectual en el que se ha desarrollado, te agradecemos que hayas aceptado contestar estas preguntas. Estamos seguros de que tus respuestas, la información que proporciones a los lectores, y la reflexión que tal vez te induzcan a realizar, serán de grandísima utilidad para todos los que cultivan la filosofía del derecho. (shrink)

El individuo tirano refiere al sujeto empoderado por la tecnología digital que, obsesionado con la autoafirmación y el control a través de las redes sociales, impone sus preferencias y opiniones sin considerar las consecuencias sociales, éticas y políticas. Esta conducta, sumada a un régimen de posverdad, fomenta el descreimiento en las instituciones, el aislamiento y la no aceptación de lo distinto, propiciando que los individuos descarguen entre sí de opiniones infundadas e instaurando una lógica amigo-enemigo que hace emerger la actitud (...) antipolítica y daña el tejido democrático. En paralelo, el capitalismo actual se caracteriza por el volumen masivo de capitales especulativos, generando crisis e inestabilidad. En este "capitalismo especulativo", el neoliberalismo desde abajo emerge como estrategia de adaptación de grupos sociales, evidenciando cómo el emprendedorismo ha cooptado a la clase trabajadora. Este artículo propone analizar cómo la convergencia del individuo tirano, el emprendedorismo y el capitalismo especulativo genera una torsión en las subjetividades contemporáneas. Esta se manifiesta en la precariedad de sus condiciones de vida, la aceptación pasiva frente a la incertidumbre, la autoresponsabilización ante el fracaso, el individualismo extremo y la credulidad en narrativas que exigen apostar al riesgo en busca de un futuro mejor. (shrink)

C’est en 1913 que sont publiées les Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie. Fruit d’une longue genèse, ce livre constitue un véritable manifeste pour une nouvelle science, la « science des phénomènes », décrivant les actes de la conscience et les structures de la subjectivité. Laurent Perreau, Antoine Grandjean et leurs contributeurs interrogent le projet et les méthodes de ce maître ouvrage : la réduction, le rapport à Descartes, l’intentionnalité, la notion d’évidence apodictique... Une étude majeure sur une oeuvre qui (...) a inspiré la philosophie moderne et marqué en profondeur la pensée de Max Scheler, Heidegger, Hannah Arendt, Merleau-Ponty, Paul Ricoeur... (shrink)

Yves Grandjean, Tony Kozelj and François Salviat The Zeus Gate on Thasos p. 175-268 The Gate of Zeus and Hera, offered by Pythippos son of Paiestratos, is one of the most remarkable features of the Thasian enceinte: to the sculptured reliefs that adorned it was added a particular architectural embellishment which has never been analysed in its entirety. The numerous blocks preserved in situ make it possible to reconstruct the elevation of the gate, which was in fact a gate (...) tower, and to detail the appearance of the latter with its architectural facing of superimposed orders — Doric and Ionic — on the town side and its Doric frieze integrated into the walls of the tower on the side facing the country. The influences of Macedonian, funerary and palatial architecture are manifest. According to the lists of theoroi and the amphora stamps discovered in the levels preceding its construction, the gate tower was erected in around 300 BC. It replaced an original opening going back to the time when the enceinte visible today was built, in other words after the raid on Thasos by Histiaios of Miletus in 494; the old excavations like the recent investigations confirm the account by Herodotus (VI 46), which there is no reason to doubt. (shrink)

The Somatic Mutation Theory has been challenged on its fundamentals by the Tissue Organization Field Theory of Carcinogenesis. However, a recent publication has questioned whether TOFT could be a valid alternative theory of carcinogenesis to that presented by SMT. Herein we critically review arguments supporting the irreducible opposition between the two theoretical approaches by highlighting differences regarding the philosophical, methodological and experimental approaches on which they respectively rely. We conclude that SMT has not explained carcinogenesis due to severe epistemological and (...) empirical shortcomings, while TOFT is gaining momentum. The main issue is actually to submit SMT to rigorous testing. This concern includes the imperatives to seek evidence for disproving one’s hypothesis, and to consider the whole, and not just selective evidence. (shrink)

This open access monograph offers a detailed study and a systematic defense of a key intuition we typically have, as human beings, with respect to the nature of time: the intuition that the future is open, whereas the past is fixed. For example, whereas it seems unsettled whether there will be a fourth world war, it is settled that there was a first world war. -/- The book contributes, in particular, three major and original insights. First, it provides a coherent, (...) non-metaphorical, and metaphysically illuminating elucidation of the intuition. Second, it determines which model of the temporal structure of the world is most appropriate to accommodate the intuition, and settles on a specific version of the Growing Block Theory of time (GBT). Third, it puts forward a naturalistic foundation for GBT, by exploiting recent results of our best physics (viz. General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Quantum Gravity). Three main challenges are addressed: the dismissal of temporal asymmetries as non-fundamental phenomena only (e.g., thermodynamic or causal phenomena), the epistemic objection against GBT, and the apparent tension between GBT and relativistic physics. It is argued that the asymmetry between the open future and the fixed past must be grounded in the temporal structure of the world, and that this is neither precluded by our epistemic device, nor by the latest approaches to Quantum Gravity (​e.g., the Causal Set Theory). -/- Aiming at reconciling time as we find it in ordinary experience and time as physics describes it, this ​innovative book ​will raise the interest of both academic researchers and ​graduate students working on the philosophy of time. More generally, it ​presents contents of interest for all metaphysicians and non-dogmatic philosophers of physics. (shrink)

In science it is obvious that we are certain about many things, but among philosophers there is little agreement as to why we know these things. In Knowing Things for Sure physicist and realist philosopher, Mariano Artigas traces the confusion to non-realist philosophies and argues that practitioners of experimental science do reach logical truths about reality.

El proyecto del _Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles _(_VEP_, 2004) es el primer abordaje a gran escala del problema de la traducción en el discurso filosófico. Su principal animadora, Barbara Cassin, postula, a partir de la revalorización del relativismo sofístico, que la traducción implica un “saber hacer con las diferencias” de alcances éticos y comunitarios a escala transnacional. Sin embargo, más allá del pluralismo que supone la “logología sofística”, se insinúa en la traducción al castellano del _VEP_, el (...) _Vocabulario de las Filosofías Occidentales_ (_VFO_, 2018), una imagen de Latinoamérica estereotipadamente eurocéntrica, que entra en conflicto con otras narrativas también presentes en la edición española. El objeto de este trabajo es pues analizar la cartografía de la filosofía mundial que traza el _VFO_, lo cual supone revisar la teoría de la traducción de Cassin y establecer conexiones con las posiciones que tomaron la filósofa y algunos de sus colaboradores en las discusiones que se dieron en los últimos años en la Argentina en torno a la adopción del “modelo sudafricano” como forma de tramitar la violencia del pasado reciente. (shrink)

In this study, we examine the influence of senior leadership on firms’ corporate social responsibility. We integrate upper echelons research that has investigated either the influence of the CEO or the top management team on CSR. We contend that functional experience complementarity between CEOs and TMTs in formulating and implementing CSR strategy may underlie differentiated strategies in CSR. We find that when CEOs who have predominant experience in output functions are complemented by TMTs with a lower proportion of members who (...) have experience in output functions, there is a pronounced effect on the community, product, and diversity dimensions of CSR. In turn, when output-oriented CEOs are complemented by output-oriented TMTs, we observe an effect on the employee relations dimension of CSR. Interestingly, we find no influence of CEO-TMT complementarity on the environment dimension of CSR. In general, our empirical results support the relevance of the interaction between CEOs and their TMTs in defining their firms’ CSR profile. (shrink)

To consider that the nature of forgiveness consists in its healing effects on the forgiver overlooks the distinction between the nature of forgiveness and the question about its desirable effects. What I suggest is that the curing effect of forgiveness is an indirectly intended consequence of forgiveness. To forgive mywrongdoer only because this is the way to gain inner peace or to “heal my soul” shows a somewhat utilitarian view on forgiveness. By forgiving the wrongdoer, thevictim extends an attitude of (...) authentic goodwill toward the offender as a person. However, the one who forgives does not extend this attitude toward the action theoffender performed. We can strongly oppose wrong behavior without opposing wrongdoers as persons. (shrink)

Ionizing radiation is present in various situations in the contemporary world. Defining the quantities and units for this field is a complex scientific task, especially the quantities used in radiological protection (RP) to estimate the damage caused to individuals exposed to radiation (detriment). This article highlights the lack of consensus in the scientific RP community regarding the quantities and units employed in practice from the perspective of the philosophy of science. The basic concepts related to the system of quantities are (...) presented, followed by the problems and criticisms addressed by experts in the field. Several reasons for these problems are identified. The article discusses the scant interest on the part of philosophy of science in RP. The philosophy of science is still dominated by an analytical–conceptual perspective that pays little attention to the actual influence of certain structures better understood when considered from the institutional viewpoint, which is here exemplified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (shrink)

Kant interprète le stoïcisme moral comme une sévérité dont la désinvolture est à la mesure de son caractère exalté. Les stoïciens défendraient une pensée du devoir indexée à la suppression de ses conditions de pertinence, en faisant de la finitude de l’homme un caractère contingent. Méconnaissant a fortiori la fragilité d’une liberté qui penche vers le Mal, ils contestent toute signification philosophique à l’espérance, tandis que Kant insiste sur sa nécessité, tant concernant le bonheur dont la vertu rendrait digne, qu’au (...) sujet d’une autocratie incertaine et d’une Grâce que la liberté finie appelle comme symbole de sa propre réserve. (shrink)

In A Letter Concerning Toleration, John Locke argues in favor of religious toleration positing that the state cannot make a person's life better by forcing that person to live according to beliefs he refuses. More recently, Ronald Dworkin and Will Kymlicka have developed similar arguments. In the first case, against some paternalistic policies; in the second, in support of the liberal ideal of state neutrality. My aim in the present paper is to analyze the plausibility of these arguments conceived as (...) a defense of liberal neutrality. I will prove that both versions of the argument fail. In section II, I will object the argument's capability to support the conclusions it attempts to establish, without raising doubts about the reliability of its premises. In section III, I will submit three objections against the conception of critical well-being that constitutes the core of both versions of the argument. (shrink)

We present the first Spanish translation of Giovanni Pontano’s Aegidius.