Présenter les problèmes de gestion politique et administrative que pose la COVID 19 d’après l’OMS, les gouvernants et les intellectuels africains, présenter les positions respectives de ces acteurs, focaliser sur les propositions des intellectuels, voilà les objectifs des auteurs de cet ouvrage.

In the context of academic research, a diversity of ethical issues, conditioned by the different roles of members within these institutions, arise. Previous studies on this topic addressed mainly the perceptions of researchers. However, to our knowledge, no studies have explored the transversal ethical issues from a wider spectrum, including other members of academic institutions as the research ethics board (REB) members, and the research ethics experts. The present study used a descriptive phenomenological approach to document the ethical issues experienced (...) by a heterogeneous group of Canadian researchers, REB members, and research ethics experts. Data collection involved socio-demographic questionnaires and individual semi-structured interviews. Following the triangulation of different perspectives (researchers, REB members and ethics experts), emerging ethical issues were synthesized in ten units of meaning: (1) research integrity, (2) conflicts of interest, (3) respect for research participants, (4) lack of supervision and power imbalances, (5) individualism and performance, (6) inadequate ethical guidance, (7) social injustices, (8) distributive injustices, (9) epistemic injustices, and (10) ethical distress. This study highlighted several problematic elements that can support the identification of future solutions to resolve transversal ethical issues in research that affect the heterogeneous members of the academic community. (shrink)

The ethical issues of health research are well documented. Ethical issues in occupational therapy research are beginning to attract the interest of researchers. However, no research has documented the ethical issues experienced by occupational therapists conducting research in academic settings in Quebec. This is revealed by the literature review that was the basis for this qualitative research, the results of which are presented here. This article also presents the results of a qualitative research conducted with eleven women occupational therapy researchers (...) in Quebec. A phenomenologically inspired qualitative approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to discuss the ethical issues experienced in occupational therapy research. Three units of meaning emerge from the narrative data, namely that ethical issues are related to: 1) the research environment; 2) people and their interactions; or 3) the occupation that is research. Overall, the results of the study and the literature review agree that health researchers, including occupational therapy researchers, operate in an environment that is not conducive to scientific discovery and responsible conduct of research. Ethical issues in research are primarily systemic in nature, contributing to the creation of unhealthy work environments that not only harm interpersonal relationships, but also adversely affect researchers’ occupational health and well-being and negatively affect researchers’ personal and family lives. Four new findings emerge from the study: 1) the academic world values individualism; 2) occupational therapists are rebellious towards research ethics boards; 3) clinical and academic environments are too disconnected; and 4) quantitative approaches can contribute to the exclusion of vulnerable populations. (shrink)

Marie-José Mondzain, philosophe, est directrice de recherche au CNRS. Elle a publié des livres sur l’image, entre autres, Image, icône, économie (Seuil, 1996), L’image peut-elle tuer? (Bayard, 2002), Le Commerce des regards (Seuil, 2003) ; des livres sur la peinture : Van Gogh ou la Peinture comme tauromachie (Éd. de l’Épure, 1996), Henri Cueco, vol. 2 (Cercle d’Art, 1997), L’Arche et l’Arc-en-ciel, Michel-Ange – la voûte de la chapelle Sixtine (Le Passage, 2006). Sa réflexion sur l’image l’a conduite à (...) collaborer avec des gens de théâtre et de cinéma, et à participer à des ouvrages collectifs : L’Assemblée théâtrale, 1 (Éd. de l’Amandier, 2002) et 2 ( La Représentation, Éd. de l’Amandier, 2004), Voir ensemble. Autour de Jean-Toussaint Desanti (Gallimard, 2003, coll. « Réfléchir le cinéma »), Le Cinéma et la Shoah. Un art à l’épreuve de la tragédie du xx e siècle (sous la dir. de J.-M. Frodon, Cahiers du Cinéma, 2007). Elle vient de publier Homo spectator (Bayard, 2007). (shrink)

At a time when Quebec’s public health system is facing various challenges in a post-pandemic context, it is time to find solutions to lighten the load on the system and on the people working in it. In order to further reflection and identify solutions to promote sustainable health, the first Sustainable Health Summit was organized by the Association de la santé publique du Québec (ASPQ). It took place from January 25 to 27, 2023, at the Musée de la civilisation de (...) Québec. This text consists of a report on the event, followed by an ethical analysis to highlight the strengths of the Summit and possible points of improvement for a second edition. (shrink)

Cette lettre articule une réflexion sans aucune prétention sur une dizaine d’années de recherche en éthique appliquée, voire en bioéthique. En se basant sur le savoir expérientiel de l’autrice qui est ergothérapeute et philosophe de formation, cette lettre présente quelques apprentissages faits au cours de ces années qui pourront peut-être aider la génération actuelle et future de bioéthiciens et bioéthiciennes à naviguer entre la théorie et l’empirique, et ce faisant valoriser les personnes confrontées à des enjeux éthiques, faire preuve d’humilité (...) épistémique, tout en mobilisant les idées et théories à même de mettre en lumière les dimensions éthiques de diverses expériences et pratiques. (shrink)

The article aims to take a stand in the debates surrounding the potential contribution of the theoreticians of the first generation of the Frankfurt School to postcolonial/decolonial theory, by showing that Herbert Marcuse, in his work, has outlined coloniality as later authors have defined it. Marcuse denounced the neocolonialism and neoimperialism of which the Global South populations were prey at the time of decolonizations. He showed that the welfare state and the affluent society in contemporary Western societies largely fed themselves (...) on the continued economic exploitation of the Global South. Marcuse decried the uneven development bred by the capitalist system and criticized the ideology and mechanisms of development imposed on the newly independent countries, which also violated the subjectivity of their peoples, ignoring their values and aspirations. He condemned the racial-based violence and war imposed on the ‘underprivileged’ in the Global South and the Global North alike. These trains of thought describe different aspects of coloniality. This article will analyze these insights through a close reading of Marcuse’s work and comparisons with the writings of Frantz Fanon, Kwame Nkrumah and Samir Amin. (shrink)

In the past, several researchers in the field of physiotherapy have asserted that physiotherapy clinicians rarely use ethical knowledge to solve ethical issues raised by their practice. Does this assertion still hold true? Do the theoretical frameworks used by researchers and clinicians allow them to analyze thoroughly the ethical issues they encounter in their everyday practice? In our quest for answers, we conducted a literature review and analyzed the ethical theoretical frameworks used by physiotherapy researchers and clinicians to discuss the (...) ethical issues raised by private physiotherapy practice. Our final analysis corpus consisted of thirty-nine texts. Our main finding is that researchers and clinicians in physiotherapy rarely use ethical knowledge to analyze the ethical issues raised in their practice and that gaps exist in the theoretical frameworks currently used to analyze these issues. Consequently, we developed, for ethical analysis, a four-part prism which we have called the Quadripartite Ethical Tool (QET). This tool can be incorporated into existing theoretical frameworks to enable professionals to integrate ethical knowledge into their ethical analyses. The innovative particularity of the QET is that it encompasses three ethical theories (utilitarism, deontologism, and virtue ethics) and axiological ontology (professional values) and also draws on both deductive and inductive approaches. It is our hope that this new tool will help researchers and clinicians integrate ethical knowledge into their analysis of ethical issues and contribute to fostering ethical analyses that are grounded in relevant philosophical and axiological foundations. (shrink)

Ce commentaire critique a pour objectif de définir, d’expliquer et d’illustrer trois systèmes de croyances et d’oppression généralement peu connus en santé, mais susceptibles d’influencer négativement les pratiques de professionnels de la santé et de services sociaux ainsi que celles d’organisations publiques ou privées de santé, à savoir : le capacitisme, le sanisme et le suicidisme. Il a aussi pour objectif d’identifier certaines pistes d’action pouvant contribuer à combattre ces systèmes largement répandus au sein des institutions et organisations de nos (...) sociétés occidentales contemporaines. (shrink)

This book argues that the extraordinary force of the image in contemporary life--the contemporary imaginary--can be traced back to the Byzantine iconoclastic controversy of the eighth and ninth centuries.

La critique féministe a dénoncé très tôt le « bonheur parfait » que la techno-science est censée apporter à nos sociétés occidentales. Mais c'est la tendance écoféministe qui a poussé le plus à fond cette critique. Nous voulons mettre en évidence les principaux enjeux identifiés par ce courant, ainsi que les types de praxis qu'il veut mettre en oeuvre pour nous libérer de l'idéologie du « progrès » et nous permettre d'accéder à une société plus humaine.The feminist critique very early (...) on denounced the "bonheur parfait" that techno-science is expected to yield in our Western societies. This line of criticism was insisted upon by ecofeminists. We would like to underscore the main issues identified by eco-feminists, together with the type of praxis it implies in order to liberate us from a progress-based ideology and to allow us accès to a more human society. (shrink)

De la Première Guerre mondiale aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, la manipulation des émotions par le biais des images existe et limite l'esprit critique. L'auteure révèle que les images ont un pouvoir humanisant, et la distance qu'elles créent entre l'homme et ses émotions offre à celui-ci les conditions de sa liberté, à lui de ne pas subir les images, de les refuser.

Research is an occupation that is conducive to the emergence of ethical issues, particularly because it is linked to conflicts of interest that are sometimes difficult to manage and is carried out in a highly competitive context that values performance. While the ethical issues in the clinical practice of occupational therapy are beginning to be documented, the ethical issues experienced by occupational therapy researchers and the means they use to manage these issues are virtually undocumented. This article presents the results (...) of a qualitative study that documented the means (macro, meso and micro) that are proposed by occupational therapist-researchers to address ethical issues in research. Eleven occupational therapists (n=11) participated in the research and share the means they are using or consider to deal with the ethical issues they experience as researchers. The means proposed by occupational therapists echo many of the means suggested in the literature, although some of those proposed in the literature regarding the relationship to be established with research participants are little discussed by our participants, which is surprising given the humanistic values that underlie the profession of occupational therapy. In the end, this article, which presents a synthesis of both the means identified in the literature to resolve ethical issues in research and those discussed by participants, aims to empower occupational therapist-researchers to resolve the issues raised by academic research while remaining true to the values of the profession. (shrink)

This article presents the second part of the results of a study our team conducted on the ethical issues in occupational therapy education and their solutions. While the first article in 2020 highlighted these issues, this article focuses on ways to address them. The occupational therapist who teaches occupational therapy students is sooner or later confronted with ethical issues. However, these issues are not well documented in the literature, nor are the solutions used or considered by occupational therapists educators. In (...) this qualitative study, eleven occupational therapist educators from four francophone universities in Quebec who are preparing the next generation of occupational therapists shared their success stories. Ten units of meaning related to these solutions emerge from the results, which have been grouped according to Glaser’s three domains of ethics (micro, meso and macro). The four micro-environmental solutions include: a) developing ethical skills; b) peer support; c) developing task-related skills; and d) self-care. The four meso-environmental solutions are: a) creating spaces for discussion; b) providing ethics training; c) doing meso advocacy; and d) changing the academic culture. The two macro-environmental solutions are: a) macro-level advocacy; and b) working in partnership with clinical settings. Although some of the solutions documented in the literature were not discussed by the participants, those discussed by the participants were consistent with the solutions discussed in the literature. The results indicate that ethics has a limited place in the preparation and continuing education of occupational therapy educators and that the organizational context, i.e., the culture of academia in general and research in particular, is likely to create ethical issues of concern. (shrink)

Ce texte propose un court compte rendu d’un livre publié par les Presses de l’Université du Québec intitulé : Récits de professeurs d’université à mi-carrière. Si c’était à refaire… Il porte aussi un regard critique de nature éthique sur son contenu.

Cet article questionne la pertinence de soutenir la valeur qu’est l’écoresponsabilité et, plus largement, la justice occupationnelle intergénérationnelle dans le contexte de la pratique clinique de l’ergothérapeute. Au moment d’adopter des pratiques professionnelles respectueuses de ces valeurs, l’ergothérapeute peut être amené à vivre un dilemme éthique opposant celles-ci à l’approche centrée sur le client qui est grandement valorisée au sein de la profession. Cet article développe une réflexion éthique sur un des résultats d’une recherche qui a été menée sur les (...) pratiques durables ou écoresponsables en ergothérapie. Plus précisément, nous développons une réflexion éthique sur la légitimité pour l’ergothérapeute de défendre les valeurs que sont l’écoresponsabilité et la justice occupationnelle intergénérationnelle dans un contexte clinique. Pour ce faire, le Cadre éthique quadripartite (CÉQ) – un cadre d’analyse éthique qui a été développé pour soutenir l’ergothérapeute dans ses réflexions éthiques – est mobilisé. Sans apporter une réponse claire ni définitive quant à la pertinence éthique de défendre ces valeurs en clinique, la réflexion ici développée met en lumière des éléments qui pourraient être considérés par l’ergothérapeute qui vit ce dilemme éthique. (shrink)

This paper focuses on the centrality of permaculture design courses as the principal sociopolitical strategy of the permaculture community in Canada to transform local food production practices. Building on the work of Antonio Gramsci and political agroecology as a framework of analysis, we argue that permaculture instruction remains deeply embedded within market and colonial relations, which orients the pedagogy of permaculture trainings in such a way as to reproduce the basic elements of the colonial capitalist economy among its practitioners. In (...) the specific case of eastern Ontario, this embeddedness had the effect of diluting the transformative capacity of permaculture practitioners who were unable to create its own social movement organization. The paper then highlights key elements of the agroecological pedagogy used by the Brazilian Landless Rural Workers Movement and the Escola Latinoamericana de Agroecología in Paraná, Brazil. The objective is to draw lessons from these inspiring experiences, in a rather unique context of struggles that can help to critically assess the pedagogical practices and principles presently informing permaculture communities in Canada and in advanced industrialized countries more generally. We then conclude by reiterating the key arguments and lessons drawn from the Brazilian pedagogical experiences, pointing out the importance of engagement and coalition-building with established rural and urban movements, as well as progressive farmer, Indigenous, and rural associations to foster a just and sustainable transformation of agri-food systems, starting at the local and regional levels. It also emphasizes the need for the most marginalized sectors to lead the way towards an agroecological transition. (shrink)

In the current literature, the impacts of the transformation undergone by the Quebec health and social services network (RSSS) in 2015 deal mainly with issues of accessibility, efficiency and performance. The impacts of this reform on the place of ethics in the RSSS are to date little documented. In this article, we are interested in the place occupied by clinical and organizational ethics in the institutions created by this reform, namely the integrated health and social services centres (CISSS) and the (...) integrated university health and social services centres (CIUSSS). How is ethics regulated? In a self-regulatory manner, that is to say based on rational reflection based on values? Or is it rather in a hetero-regulatory manner, based on obedience to norms dictated by an external authority? The aim of our study was to gain a better understanding of how clinical and organizational ethics are regulated in the CISSS and CIUSSS of the RSSS. To this end, an analysis of ethics-related documents developed by these establishment and made available to the public on their websites was carried out, using the conceptual framework that guided this study. In doing so, we were able to observe the predominance of hetero-regulatory regulation of ethics. Thus, although ethics seems to have a greater place than in the past within RSSS establishments, the regulation of clinical and organizational ethics remains largely and predominantly hetero-regulatory. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: The concept of the “banality of evil,” put forward by Hannah Arendt to describe the psychological profile of the Nazi criminal in Eichmann in Jerusalem, is intimately tied to her reading of Plato. In Arendt’s examination of the question of evil, she found some support in Kant’s philosophy. However, the problem of guilt under Nazism ultimately goes back to an inability to think. The two-in-one, a concept which describes the activity of thinking, is based on Plato’s dialogues. An examination (...) of these philosophical sources contributes to the understanding of the possibilities and the limits of Arendt’s reflection on evil. RÉSUMÉ : Le concept de banalité du mal, proposé par Hannah Arendt pour décrire le profil psychologique du criminel nazi dans Eichmann in Jerusalem, est intimement lié à ses lectures de Platon. Pour aborder la question du mal, elle a découvert des appuis chez Kant, mais le problème de la culpabilité sous le régime nazi renvoie ultimement au défaut de penser. Le deux-en-un, concept qui décrit la pensée, a été défini sur la base de l’oeuvre platonicienne. L’examen de ces sources philosophiques permet de mieux comprendre les possibilités et les limites de la réflexion arendtienne sur le mal. (shrink)

Dante, au Paradis, demande à son élue : " Pourquoi tu fus toi seule prédestinée? ". En guise de réponse, il n'aura qu'un cri résonnant comme le tonnerre qui le dissuadera de questionner plus avant... Nietzsche et Schopenhauer, eux, n'auront pas peur de cette question qui met en jeu indissociablement leur identité singulière et leur statut de philosophe. Le premier, au péril de sa raison, gère l'héritage de la mort de Dieu, en assumant la disparition du Père. Nous devons à (...) l'un et à l'autre la considération de la valeur de la singularité, valeur ineffable, accessible seulement à l'amour électif, divin ou humain. Le classement des hommes en genres, espèces, races, n'en est que la caricature ; l'individualisme contemporain en est sans doute la décomposition. (shrink)

Background There has been significant discussion about the need to manage conflict of interest (COI) in medical journals. This has lead many journals to implement policies to manage COI for authors and reviewers; however, surprisingly little attention has been focused on the COI of journal editors. Objective The goal of this exploratory study was to determine whether the policies were accessible to the public and to researchers, and to discuss the potential impact on public transparency. Design The authors conducted an (...) internet search of editor COI policy instruments that have been developed, implemented and communicated by the top 10 peer-reviewed medical journals (2010 ISI Web of Knowledge Impact Factor), and assessed their general accessibility by gauging the level of difficulty in navigating the journal's website (number of clicks to find the policy instruments). Results Only four of the 10 medical journals (40%) in this study have accessible COI policy directives that include editors (JIM, PLoS Medicine, AIM, CMAJ). One journal (NEJM) had an editorial on the subject, and another (The Lancet) mentioned editor COI in their general guidelines. These documents are not readily accessible; starting from the journal's main website at least four clicks are needed to access these documents. Conclusion These results suggest that there is a general lack of accessible editor COI policy instruments among leading medical journals, something that may consequently have a negative impact on the trust accorded to these journals. (shrink)

Ce commentaire présente trois arguments de la pensée potterienne à partir de la lunette ergothérapique afin de soutenir les réflexions relatives au développement des pratiques durables en ergothérapie. Il permet ainsi d’initier les ergothérapeutes à une perspective de bioéthique globale susceptible de les soutenir dans l’actualisation d’une approche écosystémique respectueuse de l’environnement.

To test whether mental activities collected from non-REM sleep are influenced by REM sleep, we suppressed REM sleep using clomipramine 50 mg or placebo in the evening, in a double blind cross-over design, in 11 healthy young men. Subjects were awakened every hour and asked about their mental activity. The marked REM-sleep suppression induced by clomipramine did not substantially affect any aspects of dream recall . Since long, complex and bizarre dreams persist even after suppressing REM sleep either partially or (...) totally, it suggests that the generation of mental activity during sleep is independent of sleep stage. (shrink)

In the following extract, Mondzain examines the way in which the spiritual hegemony of the Early Christian and Byzantine church was transformed into political power. The primary tool used in this endeavor was the icon. The representation of the holy figures of Christianity as space-occupying physical beings puts into play a series of spatial operations which aided in the exercise of temporal, imperial authority.

Ce texte discute d’une nouvelle vision de la justice, en l’occurrence de la justice occupationnelle intergénérationnelle. En plus de présenter la genèse de cette vision occupationnelle de la justice climatique, la définition et l’explication de cette valeur sont mises en contraste avec d’autres concepts apparentés en ergothérapie et dans la science de l’occupation.

This article discusses the process of restructuring experience during the first year of teaching in elementary school. Inspired by interactionism, the study espouses a theory of experiential learning and adapts the principles of continuity and transaction to the field of teaching. The methodology relies on mentoring to serve both development support and research in accordance with a collaborative approach. The results of a grounded theory analysis are illustrated starting from an «experiential frame» rebuilt with one of the participants transacting the (...) experience through three transactional ways of understanding. An examination of this restructuration process suggests a dual identity development where both an operative and a unified self come into play. (shrink)

Les auteurs cherchent à rendre compte d’un résultat particulier obtenu dans le cadre d’une recherche sur l’implication subjective des magistrats dans la construction de leur intime conviction. Comment comprendre la relation entre l’intime conviction de culpabilité et la prise en compte des liens familiaux et intersubjectifs? La méthode de recherche est centrée sur l’étude de la narrativité. La situation judiciaire proposée aux magistrats est une plainte pour inceste. L’intime conviction abordée dans ses fondements juridiques est envisagée du point de vue (...) du travail psychique qu’elle est susceptible de mobiliser. L’analyse des identités narratives permet de distinguer trois rapports au « conflit psychique induit ». Les magistrats qui prennent en compte les liens intersubjectifs seraient ceux qui appliquent le travail du doute d’une part, qui cherchent à penser la subjectivité de l’auteur et la relation entre cet homme et sa fille d’autre part. (shrink)

Les violences sexuelles peuvent durer des années dans un couple avant que la femme victime n’en parle. Comment comprendre ce silence? Une analyse critique de deux discours courants est faite à partir de la clinique analytique individuelle et de couple. Les éléments essentiels sont alors situés dans le lien intersubjectif du couple. Sont étudiés les effets de réel de la violence sur la parole et ceux de la honte que le clinicien peut saisir au moyen du transfert pour en favoriser (...) la nomination. Constats et hypothèses cliniques sur l’amour ou la passion de ces femmes, leur masochisme et leur besoin de punition permettent d’aborder d’autres motifs de silence. Dans la dynamique du lien, le rôle des pulsions de mort chez la victime apparaît central. La violence subie masque une violence interne liée à un sentiment d’existence menacé dans le lien à la mère, à des traumas de l’enfance, à la honte et à un défaut d’investissement narcissique. (shrink)