1980년대 서구 철학계에서 철학의 현실적 어려움을 극복하고자 철학실천/철학상담이 라는 이름 아래 새로운 움직임이 일어났다. 이는 철학과 현실의 괴리를 극복하고 소크라테 스가 했듯이 삶 속에서 철학하려는 운동이다. 국내에도 이런 영향으로 철학실천/철학상담 이란 활동이 전개되고 있다. 그러나 여전히 이론 차원의 연구와 교육에 머물고 있다. 이는 철학실천/철학상담의 정체성 확립이 충분하지 못한 데서 기인하며 정체성 문제는 곧바로 철학상담의 방법론과 밀접하게 연관된다. 이 같은 답보상태를 극복하고자 본 연구는 철학 상담의 원조인 소크라테스의 철학하기를 살펴보고 철학상담의 주도적 연구자 중 한 사람 인 라베의 입장을 살펴본다. 이를 매개로 (...) 하여 철학상담의 방법이 어떠해야하는지 또 철학 상담의 정체성이 어떻게 확립되어야 하는지 논구한다. 라베는 철학교육을 철학상담의 정 체성 확립에 중요한 근간이라고 본다. (shrink)

Contributions of Pierre Hadot pertaining to the notion of philosophy as a way of life have had a profound and enduring influence upon philosophical counselling. Philosophical counsellors, such as Robert Walsh and Arto Tukiainen, embrace this imperative by living their philosophical counselling practices. A prevailing trend among these practitioners lies in their almost exclusive reliance upon either ancient Greek philosophical traditions as expounded by Hadot and Martha Nussbaum, or in their adaptation of Western philosophy. Regrettably, a (...) conspicuous omission prevails regarding the incorporation of contemporary African philosophy, notably their philosophical praxes as a way of life/living, within the philosophical counselling discourse. The integration of African philosophy into philosophical counselling holds significant promise, particularly concerning the potential to impact ways of living within a southern African context. Within the wider landscape of contemporary African philosophy, certain authors have already conceptualised Ubuntu philosophy as a way of life/living. Notwithstanding, I undertake to introduce two additional African philosophical practices, namely hermeneutic African philosophy and conversational philosophy. I advance a novel interpretation of both by positioning them as relevant praxes for philosophical counselling. Emphasis is placed on interpretative actualisations in response to lived experiences, contextualised within a conversational framework. The implications for philosophical counselling are threefold: first, there is a disclosing of alternative ways of living/becoming along with the creation of new concepts; second, the relational dimension of philosophising is emphasised; and third, methodological constraints concerning the practice of philosophical counselling are transcended while embracing the transformative potential of reflective, creative and critical conversations. (shrink)

This article explores the potential utility of certain features of Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophical concepts for philosophical counselling. Central to the philosophical counseling process is philosophical counsellors applying the ideas of philosophers or philosophical system to inspire, educate, and guide their counselees in dealing with life problems. For example, the philosophical practice methodology of Logic-based Therapy, developed by American philosopher Elliot Cohen, provides a rational framework for confronting problems of living, where the counselor (...) helps the counselee find an uplifting philosophy that promotes a guiding virtue to act as an antidote to unrealistic and often self-defeating conclusions derived from irrational premises. I present the argument that Nietzsche’s analysis of suffering, is one such uplifting philosophy which can be of utility to philosophical counselors. According to Bernard Reginster, suffering forms the bedrock of Nietzsche’s life-affirming concept of the ‘will to power.’ Nietzsche’s notion of the will to power radically alters our conception of, and the significance we assign to suffering, where the will to power is best understood as an individual’s desire for the activity of overcoming resistance. Nietzsche’s analysis implies that the fundamental human impulse is not to avoid suffering, but rather to embrace suffering as an unavoidable existential given of life itself: the meaning to be found in suffering is tantamount to affirming life itself. (shrink)

정신치료나 심리치료와 마찬가지로 인간의 정신적 고통과 관련된 제반 문제들에 관여 하는 철학상담이 그것들과 차별화되고 기존의 방식들이 가진 한계를 극복하기 위해서는 뚜렷이 구별되는 독자적인 방식이 있어야 할 것이다. 그리고 그 효과가 제대로 인정받고 보다 심화되어 발전할 수 있으려면 무엇이 특징적으로 구별되는가를 스스로 드러낼 수 있어야만 한다. 본 논문에서 필자는 철학상담 방법론 논의를 방법부정론과 방법긍정론 진영으로 나누어 각각의 입장을 검토하였다. 철학상담의 정체성은 특별히 방법부정론자들의 논의에서 잘 드러나고 있었다. 방법론 논의에 있어서 필자는 철학상담이 인생관, 세계관, 가치관의 문제로 접근함으로써 여타의 상담들과 구별되고 있음을 확인하였다. (...) 그러나 필자는 철학상담이 그 접근방법으로서 상담을 택하고 있는 이상, 또한 그 정의에서 타 상담형식들과 구별되어야 하는 몇몇의 필요조건을 지시하고 있는 이상 그것에 맞는 상담 형식의 구체적 논의는 반드시 필요하다고 생각한다. 필자가 방법론 논쟁을 통해 정리한 최종 입장은 방법 부정론자들이 잘 드러내주는 철학상담의 고유한 정체성을 잘 살리면서도 방법 긍정론자들이 주장하는 기법과 절차에 대한 구체적인 고민과 개발이 필요하다는 것이다. 철학상담은 가치관의 문제로 인해 정신적 고통을 겪는 내담자와 관계한다. 철학상담이 가치관을 주제로 내담자와 상호작용하고자 하는 것이라면 철학상담사는 반드시 올바른 가치관에 대한 윤리적 기준을 확보하고서 내담자를 안내해야 할 것이다. 철학상담의 보편화를 위해서 철학상담의 구체적인 상담 형식 혹은 기법들의 개발이 필요하다. 그러나 철학상담의 정체성이 가치관 문제에서 찾아진다는 것에서 그러한 방법들이 반드시 윤리적 이해의 틀을 바탕으로 고안되고 발전되어야 하는 것은 필연적이다. (shrink)

This article explores the potential utility of the theory of Holism as developed by South African philosopher, British Commonwealth statesman and military leader, Jan Smuts, for philosophical counselling or practice. Central to the philosophical counseling process is philosophical counsellors or practitioners applying the work of philosophers to inspire, educate and guide their counselees in dealing with life problems. For example, Logic-Based Therapy, a method of philosophical counselling developed by Elliot Cohen, provides a rational framework for (...) confronting problems of living, where the counselor helps the counselee find an uplifting philosophy that promotes a guiding virtue that acts as an antidote to unrealistic and often self-defeating conclusions derived from irrational premises. We present the argument that Holism is one such uplifting philosophy which can be of utility to philosophical counselors or practitioners to help their counselees with confronting problems of living. Furthermore, we argue that Smuts’ articulation of freedom can act as a guiding virtue within this uplifting philosophy of Holism in accordance with the methodology of LBT. Smuts’ contribution to philosophy and psychology is arguably inadequately credited, and for this reason, and to the best of our knowledge, Smuts’ theory of Holism has yet to be discussed in the context of philosophical counseling or practice. Given these omissions, we begin this article with a discussion of his influence on 20th Century Anglo-American psychology. We then provide a brief historical context, and an introduction to the central argument of Smuts’ Holism, as well as a brief overview of the origins of Smut’s Holism and an introduction to his book Holism and Evolution. In the remainder of the article, we discuss several foundational concepts that underlie Smuts’ theory of Holism, as articulated and developed in his book Holism and Evolution, to substantiate our arguments. We conclude by highlighting the limitations of our article, limitations to Smuts’ model, and the challenges inherent in the use of a now largely antiquated theory, even by Smuts’ own admission nineteen years after its publication, for the purposes of contextualizing and substantiating the arguments and recommendations presented herein. (shrink)

Philosophical counseling is a diverse and burgeoning type of mental health service delivery. Despite competing approaches to theory and practice, the field has largely strayed from an ethical critique of its methodology and counselor training requirements. This article outlines several ethical considerations and training recommendations that are proposed to bolster the quality and effectiveness of philosophical practice. As philosophical counseling gains increasing recognition in North America, recently established national organizations in philosophical practice may (...) profit from revisiting their interim codes for professional conduct Proposed training suggestions for counselor preparation may further assist institutions and board-regulated agencies in establishing competent and acceptable standards of client care. (shrink)

This paper applies Bo Mou’s Constructive-Engagement Strategy of Comparative Philosophy (CESCP) to explore philosophical practice as a novel paradigm that applies philosophy to everyday life. The study advocates for a transformative methodology that seeks truth through critical engagement, joint contributions, and diverse methodological tools, advancing the discipline towards a comprehensive world philosophy. Philosophical practice, characterized by its engagement with human experience and existential inquiries, integrates Eastern and Western philosophies to guide individuals in the art of living. It (...) offers a philosophical alternative to psychological counseling, focusing on reasoning to address life’s challenges and ethical dilemmas. The paper examines the integration of Chinese philosophy, particularly Confucianism, into philosophical practice, highlighting its relevance for contemporary counseling. It discusses Confucianism’s impact on philosophical practice, advances in self-cultivation and gong-fu theory, and the holistic Confucian view of body-mind integration, contrasting it with some Western approaches. We conclude that the practical dimensions of Confucianism oppose Western theoretical philosophy but align with Western philosophical practice. By employing CESCP, this research enriches philosophical practice, integrating diverse philosophies while respecting each tradition’s context. The approach combines Eastern relational perspectives with Western analytical depth, enhancing philosophical counseling and contributing to a global philosophical dialogue. This fusion of horizons aims to foster cross-cultural understanding and develop universally relevant wisdom. (shrink)

Analyses of the dynamics of change present in Europe are not complete without taking into account the role and function of the critical approach as a founding element of European culture. An appreciation of critical thinking must go hand-in-hand with reflection on its essence, forms, and centuries-long tradition. The European philosophical tradition has thematized the problem of criticism since its appearance. This book contains articles on the history of philosophical criticism and ways that it has been understood in (...) European thought. Individual chapters contain both historical-philosophical and problem-oriented analyses, indicating the relationships between philosophical criticism and rationalism, logic, scepticism, atheism, dialectic procedure, and philosophical counseling, among others. Philosophical reflection on critical thinking allows for an acknowledgment of its significance in the fields of epistemology, philosophy of politics, aesthetics, methodology, philosophy of language, and cultural theory. The book should interest not only humanities scholars, but also scholars in other fields, as the development of an anti-dogmatic critical approach is a lasting and indispensible challenge for all disciplines. (shrink)

본고는 불교상담방법론을 불교상담의 특징, 불교상담가의 자세, 불교상담의 과정, 기제, 기법을 중심으로 기술하고자 한다. 불교상담은 불교의 궁극적 목표를 지향하는 상담이고, 관점을 열어가는 상담이고, 유해한 심소를 제거하고 푸는 상담이고, 보편적인 주제를 근원적인 차원에서 다루는 상담이라는 특징을 가진다고 할 수 있다. 불교상담가의 자세로는 마음의 원래 모습에 대한 이해를 추구하여야 하고, 상담자 자신과 내담자에게 역기능적으로 작용하는 번뇌를 제거하려는 노력을 기울여야 한다. 상담자와 내담자가 만나는 공간은 생멸하고 열려가는 역동적 공간으로 볼 수 있다. 불교상담의 초기과정에서는 궁극적 목표를 지향하는 가운데 현실적 목표를 잡고, 내담자의 괴로움에 대해서 보편적이고 (...) 근원적 차원에서 이해와 인식을 열어간다. 중기과정은 열림과 제거의 기제를 상호보완적으로 행하는 과정이고, 후기과정은 이러한 과정을 이후에도 지속적으로 유지할 수 있도록 하는 과정이다. 불교상담에는 열림과 제거라는 두 가지 기제가 있다. 열림은 마음의 두 가지 경향성 가운데 일원적 경향성과 연결되고, 제거는 다원적 경향성과 연결되어 있다. 불교상담의 기법은 마음중심, 마음열기, 마음풀기의 차원에서 볼 수 있고, 구체적인 기법으로는 알아차림 기법, 반조 기법, 정견 기법, 연기 기법, 정행 기법, 정사유 기법, 정어 기법, 대치 기법이 있다. (shrink)

본 논문은 인성교육의 한 방법으로서 철학상담의 가능성을 모색하였다. 흔히 철학상담은 그 자체로 인성교육을 포함하고 있다고 생각하지만, 인성의 개념과 인성교육의 방향에 대한 분명한 이해가 선행되지 않는다면 철학상담을 인성교육의 한 방법으로 구체화하기 어렵다. 이에 필자는 종래의 인성교육의 문제점과 새로운 인성교육의 방향을 선행 연구를 통해서 논의하였다. 그 결과 종래의 인성교육은 인성의 개념을 전체적인 관점에서 이해하지 못하고 있다는 점과 새로운 인성교육은 방향만을 제시할 뿐 구체적인 방법에 관한 논의가 부재하다는 점, 그리고 철학상담의 한 부분인 윤리상담은 개인의 세계관을 구성하는 다양한 측면을 모두 포괄하지 못하므로 새로운 인성교육의 (...) 방향과 목적에는 다소 한계가 있다는 점을 확인 할 수 있었다.BR 이에 필자는 시대적 요구를 반영하는 새로운 인성교육의 한 방법으로서 철학상담의 가능을 모색하였다. 철학상담은 철학함의 주요 주제인 세계관 해석을 중심에 놓고 있다. 철학상담은 개인의 인성을 반영하는 세계관을 비판적으로 검토하고 재정립할 수 있도록 도와주는 철학함의 본질적 활동이다. 그리고 이러한 활동 자체가 철학상담과 인성교육의 목표와 요소들이 맞닿아 있는 지점이다. 오늘 날 새로운 인성교육이 요구하는 합리적 사고와 창의적 문제해결 능력은 대부분 대학의 인문교양 교육이 추구하는 핵심 역량들이다. 이러한 핵심 역량에는 철학상담의 한 접근법으로 비판적 사고가 기초해 있다. 자신의 세계관을 비판적으로 검토해서 재정립하는 철학상담의 활동은 그 자체로 인성교육의 한 방법으로 적절하게 적용될 수 있다. (shrink)

철학은 인간이 지혜롭고 행복한 삶을 누릴 수 있도록 인도하는 역할을 잘 감당할 수 있어야 한다. 우리는 이러한 관점에서 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스의 철학 사상에 나타난 철학상담의 원형적 모습을 살펴보았다.BR 플라톤에게 있어서 철학은 영혼이 가장 좋고 훌륭하게 되도록 병든 영혼을 잘 돌보는 활동이라면, 아리스토텔레스에게 있어서 철학은 영혼이 그 기능을 잘 발휘할 수 있도록 영혼을 키우고 가꾸는 활동이다. 혼란하고 일관성이 없으며 정체성을 확립하지 못한 인간이 행복할 수는 없다. 플라톤은 불행한 인간을 행복에로 돌려 세우는 방법으로 대화술을 제안하고 이를 통해 인간을 행복하게 만들고자 시도한다. 아리스토텔레스는 행동의 (...) 반복, 즉 습관화를 통해 자질을 계발함으로써 인간을 행복하게 만들려고 한다. 이렇게 볼 때 플라톤이 생각하는 철학상담의 주된 역할은 이성이 제시하는 질서를 따르도록 대화를 통해 내담자를 인도하는 것이 될 것이요, 아리스토텔레스가 이해하는 철학상담의 주요 목적은 행동의 습관화를 통해 이성이 제시하는 덕스러운 삶을 살아가도록 내담자의 영혼을 계발하는 것이 될 것이다. 바로 여기에서 ‘영혼 돌보기’와 ‘영혼 가꾸기’로서의 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스 철학의 차별성이 드러나며, 또한 동시에 철학상담의 원형적 모습이 나타난다고 말할 수 있을 것이다.BR 인간이 자기 영혼을 돌보고 가꾸어서 온전한 자신을 이루어 나가는 과정에 철학활동은 도움을 줄 수 있어야 한다. 이것이 바로 실천철학으로서의 철학의 본래적 의미이며, 철학이 철학상담 또는 철학치유로 성립할 수 있는 근거일 것이다. (shrink)

The instrumental classification of depression made possible by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the widespread pharmacological approach to treatment in mainstream biopsychiatry has generated a cottage industry of criticism. This paper explores the potential shortcomings of the DSM/bio-psychiatric model and introduces the value of philosophical counseling—specifically by means of integrating the insights of Existentialism and Buddhism—as a way to overcome a number of diagnostic and methodological problems. Philosophical counseling, in this regard, is not overly concerned (...) with the objective question of “What we are?” as biophysical beingswith overt behaviors but with a more fundamental question, namely, “How we are?” that is, how do we experience our existence as finite, impermanent beings, how does this experience shape and determine depressive episodes, and how can we come to accept our own finitude and impermanence? (shrink)

Philosophical concerns rarely force their way into the average mathematician’s workday. But, in extreme circumstances, fundamental questions can arise as to the legitimacy of a certain manner of proceeding, say, as to whether a particular object should be granted ontological status, or whether a certain conclusion is epistemologically warranted. There are then two distinct views as to the role that philosophy should play in such a situation. On the first view, the mathematician is called upon to turn to the (...) counsel of philosophers, in much the same way as a nation considering an action of dubious international legality is called upon to turn to the United Nations for guidance. After due consideration of appropriate regulations and guidelines (and, possibly, debate between representatives of different philosophical factions), the philosophers render a decision, by which the dutiful mathematician abides. Quine was famously critical of such dreams of a ‘first philosophy.’ At the opposite extreme, our hypothetical mathematician answers only to the subject’s internal concerns, blithely or brashly indifferent to philosophical approval. What is at stake to our mathematician friend is whether the questionable practice provides a proper mathematical solution to the problem at hand, or an appropriate mathematical understanding; or, in pragmatic terms, whether it will make it past a journal referee. In short, mathematics is as mathematics does, and the philosopher’s task is simply to make sense of the subject as it evolves and certify practices that are already in place. In his textbook on the philosophy of mathematics (Shapiro, 2000), Stewart Shapiro characterizes this attitude as ‘philosophy last, if at all.’. (shrink)

This book is a study in the methodology of philosophical inquiry. It expounds and defends the thesis that systematization is the proper instrument of philosophical inquiry and that the effective pursuit of philosophy's mission calls for constructing a doctrinal system that answers our questions in a coherent and comprehensive manner.

Philosophical practice or counseling has been described as a cluster of meth­ods for treating everyday problems and predicaments through philosophical means. Not­withstanding the variety of methods, philosophical counselors seem to share the following tenets: 1. The counselee is autonomous; 2. Philosophical counseling differs from psychological counseling and 3. Philosophical counseling is effective in solving predicaments. A critical examination shows these to be problematic at both theoretical and practical levels. As I believe (...) that philosophical practice is a valuable contribution both to philosophy and to psychology, though not devoid of potential dangers and misuses, I suggest that philosoph­ical counselors reconsider the theoretical and empirical validity of their tenets. Using my experience as a philosophical counselor, I attempt in this paper to contribute to this task while introducing the reader to what are, in my opinion, the main problems in the field. (shrink)

Critiques existing theoretical approaches and practices of philosophical counseling and presents a new model.

This multi-faceted collection of women's perspectives on the renaissance in philosophical practices provides an international overview on the professional practice of philosophical counseling as rooted in the ancient philosophical discipline of life and its essential difference from modern mainstream philosophy.

아리스토텔레스의 설명에도 나오듯이, 철학은 당혹감 혹은 의아함에서 출발하여 문제를 던지고 푸는 과정이다. 철학실천으로서의 철학은 문제해결 그 자체를 실행하는 것이다. 따라서 문제해결은 철학과 같이 시작되었고 그 바람직한 모델은 철학자들에 의해 개발되었다. 이 논문은 심리학, 교육학 등 여러 분야에서 개발되어온 각종의 문제풀이 방식을 비교하고 그 원형으로 존 듀이의 반성적 사고의 다섯 단계를 분석하며, 이 모델들에서 핵심적인 사항들을 뽑아 기존의 철학실천에 적용된 모델들과 비교하고 바람직한 모델을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 제2절에서는 언스트와 뉴웰, 정보처리론의 IDEAL, CPS, 립맨의 문제해결 모델을 검토한다. 제3절에서는 원형으로서의 (...) 존 듀이의 반성적 사고의 다섯 단계를 분석하고????우리는 어떻게 생각하는가????(How We Think)의 제1판과 제2판의 차이가 교조적인 적용에 대한 경계와 과거에 대한 검토가 중요하다는 사실을 보인다. 그리고 제4절에서는 듀이의 5단계를 기준으로 여러 문제해결 모델을 비교함으로써 ‘최종 판단의 보류’와 ‘끝없는 탐구’라는 비판적 사고의 정신이 문제해결의 과정에 있어 핵심이라는 사실을 도출한다. 제5절에서는 가족치료의 한 기법인 해결중심치료와 매리노프의 PEACE, 피터 라베의 네 단계 모델을 검토하고 분노치료에 적용한 논자의 모델을 제시한다. (shrink)

The need for philosophical practice to integrate various methods, both conceptual and those based on the use of emotions, raises the question as to whether its methodology is necessarily eclectic, in terms of the collection of various methodologies used in philosophy, or whether there is a way to move beyond eclecticism. This is the main subject of this paper. In other words, the question is whether there is such a thing as an ‘integrative’ methodology and, if so, (...) what distinguishes such a method from mere eclecticism. In this text, we define the methodological procedure of integrativeness as the process of systematizing perspectives into an orientational answer to the demands of a specific problem. What differentiates such an approach from mere summation is a new contribution that results from a synergistic and systematic meeting of positions and argumentations whose final result differs from its initial elements. Diversity in the form of a multidimensional relationship towards life and the world results in numerous perspectives, which is a value that should be cultivated and integrated into a reflective and actional perception of the world. (shrink)

The title of this paper is deliberately ambiguous. It could refer either to the central val­ue that philosophical counseling has for philosophy in general, or else it could refer to something (such as personal autonomy, or personal well-being) that philosophical counselors believe to be of value, and that they are able to help their clients pursue. In fact, this paper will be addressing both of these topics in order to demonstrate the links that hold between them, and, (...) in so doing, will attempt to further elucidate the nature of philosophical counseling itself. (shrink)

본 연구는 철학상담의 세 가지 주제를 중심으로 구약성경 『욥기』를 고찰할 것이다. 욥의 문제는 각각 사탄의 대화에서 시작하여 친구들과 이성적 담화, 그리고 끝부분에 하느님과 만남을 향하는 구조로 되어 있다. 그리고 『욥기』는 각각의 대화에서 문제가 드러나고 혹은 해소되는 측면이 있다. 각각의 대화에서 ‘고통을 어떻게 바라보아야 하는지’, ‘인간 이성이 절대적 지혜를 지니고 있는지’, 그리고 ‘이성을 넘어선 차원이 있는지.’ 등 문제와 답변을 담고 있다. 필자는 구약성경의 지혜문학 『욥기』가 가지고 있는 지혜가 ‘호크마’의 영성적 의미를 향한 여정이라고 생각한다. 지혜는 사변적 이성의 것이 아니며, 삶과 괴리되어 있는 (...) 것을 뜻하지도 않는다. 또한 이는 감추어져 있는 것으로서, 진정한 지혜인 호크마는 인간의 영역을 넘어서 초월의 영역을 향하는 것이다. 그래서 『욥기』는 현재 자신이 겪고 있는 문제들이 인간 이성으로 해결될 수 없다는 점과 이성의 합리성이 아닌 영성의 측면으로 문제가 해결되는 모습을 담고 있다. 따라서 『욥기』는 철학상담의 관심사라고 할 수 있는 세 가지 주제(고통의 문제, 공감의 중요성, 영성의 차원)를 포함하고 있다. 본 논문은 욥을 통해 알 수 있는 철학상담사의 올바른 지향과 방법론에 대해 논할 것이다. 이는 초월기법을 활용하는 철학상담의 방법론에 중요한 의의를 지닐 것이며, 또한 철학상담사를 양성하기 위한 실습 과정에서도 중요한 자료가 될 것으로 보인다. 『욥기』는 삶의 부조리에 고민하는 철학상담의 내담자에게 철학적 성찰을 돕는 문헌이 될 것이다. (shrink)

This multi-faceted collection of women's perspectives on the renaissance in philosophical practices provides an international overview on the professional practice of philosophical counseling as rooted in the ancient philosophical discipline of life and its essential difference from modern mainstream philosophy.

The need to nurture dynamic leadership in all possible ways is felt all the more today in the world. Leadership must be aligned with the world where it can be stated that the world is too complex and is rapidly changing and hence, one person alone cannot provide all the answers. Dynamism in thought, word and action can certainly benefit the leader, the organization as well as the country in diverse ways. Leader can no longer be a person - a (...) person who is in charge of a group and instead, the thought is that leadership can come from anyone. This means we need many leaders who are able to offer dynamic leadership that is needed in the modern age. Fallacious thinking most often leads to rigidity, self-centeredness, vindictiveness, biases, indifference in context to leadership are explicit today. For example, corruption, lack of commitment, opportunistic leadership etc. The possibility of nurturing dynamic leadership thought is an important proposition that this paper raises. This implies orienting leaders to eliminate fallacies and sharpen logical thinking in a gradual way. A good leader should exude integrity, self-awareness, courage, respect, empathy, and gratitude besides being an agile, effective delegator, and show the direction of growth. It is a belief that these key leadership qualities can be learned and improved through professional coaching, mentoring and counselling. Research indicates that value-based leadership generally leads to better decision-making, increased support for decisions and leader transparency, better follower morale, and opportunities to build trustworthy relationships. There is also a discussion that the leaders who appreciate the influence of servant leadership and emotional intelligence in their relationships have the potential to develop high-quality interpersonal relationships with all stakeholders. Hence, in view of leadership styles this paper is also an exploration of leadership styles that can be mentored through philosophical counselling. (shrink)

When philosophers cultivate a professional interest in philosophical practice as a form of counseling therapy, the implicit bias of their practice is likely to emulate the “helping profession” model of client engagement. The effort seems noble enough, but emulating the model of the helping professions might actually be incommensurate with the philos­pher’s calling. The philosophical temperament emulates a less constraining but more aggressive model of intervention than we find operating in the professional domain of therapeutic counseling (...) practices. While the philosophical temperament resolves to question and analyze its subject-matter without the encumbrances of social constraint or the promise of utility, it employs methods of philosophical questioning and analysis decidedly more agonistic than can be motivated under the auspices of the “helping profession” model of therapeutic intervention. The philosophical temperament is a challenging temperament, a probing, testing, exploring, engaging temperament whose only vested commitment is to further inquiry. After setting up this distinction between philosophical practice and the helping professions I pose some thoughts regarding the philosophical encounter within a counseling situation, with emphasis on the challenge of translating back and forth between the client’s subject matter and the philosopher’s frame of reference. In the course of negoti­ating these challenges, the philosophical temperament encounters two divergent paths we must learn to travel with equal facility: we must make room for beneficial critique in philosophical counseling while motivating effective critical perspective within the client’s own world-view. The challenge is to see such a philosophical encounter as a place of translation, in which the counselor’s philosophical temperament is exposed to the alterity of the client’s domain of experience without losing its critical facility. In this way, the philosophical encounter is exercised in a movement between worlds, as an interweaving dance of translation and innovation characteristic of a “place” of mutual engagement. The resulting tension in these dialogical encounters is a direct consequence of the philosophical intervention in a client’s personal life. The philosopher’s challenge is to negotiate carefully between two domains of translation (between the cognitive-emotive domain of lived-experience and the philosophical domain of conceptual thinking, reflective inquiry and critical analysis), and to establish connections between these domains to facilitate philosophical encounters in a space of shared listening. (shrink)

The article looks at critical thinking in philosophical counselling and the concepts upon which it is based. In conceptions that place critical thinking as the basis of philosophical counselling, an important role is played by the Socratic approach to philosophising. The Socratic method in thinking allocates a fundamental role to conversation, and thus to intersubjectivity, and is therefore an alternative to individual ways of thinking. Conversation as philosophical reflection corresponds to the Socratic intersubjective understanding of truth. The (...) author adopts the view of German philosopher H. Schnädelbach who distinguishes between dialogic and doctrinal approaches. The dialogic approach is found in the Socratic-Platonic tradition, while the doctrinal approach is found in Aristotelean approaches. Doctrinal philosophising is premised in the ideal of intersubjectivity which can be achieved by anyone. Philosophical thought as reflection is always implicitly dialogic at the very least. The article considers definitions of critical thinking and provides examples of critical thinking based philosophical counselling from the thinking of Tim LeBon and Elliot D. Cohen, which link both philosophical and psychological approaches. In conclusion it is critical of an excessive focus on rationality in counselling. (shrink)

이 논문은 현대 사회의 절망이라는 현상에 주목하면서 실존적 의미에서의 인간의 절망이란 무엇이고 절망의 근본 원인이 무엇인지 살펴보고, 이를 통하여 이러한 절망을 어떻게 극복할 수 있는가에 대하여 논의한다. 불안과 절망이라는 중요한 철학적 심리학의 주제에 관하여 키에르케고어는 그의 저서인 『불안의 개념』과 『죽음에 이르는 병』에서 인간이 근본 조건으로서의 불안과 절망을 경험할 수밖에 없는 근거를 해명하고자 했다. 본 연구에서는 키에르케고어의 이해에 바탕한 불안과 절망에 대한 이론적 고찰로부터 현대 사회에서 인간이 겪는 구체적인 형태의 절망을 철학적으로 어떻게 바라볼 수 있는지를 논의한다. 나아가 현대 사회에서 인간이 경험하는 (...) 절망을 철학상담의 관점에서 재해석하고, 이를 토대로 ‘공감적 대화’와 ‘초월’이라는 철학상담의 기법을 통해 이들이 자신이 마주한 절망을 극복하도록 도울 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다. (shrink)

After coining the term “philopsychy” to describe a “soul-loving” approach to philosophical practice, especially when it welcomes a creative synthesis of philosophy and psychology, this article identifies a system of geometrical figures (or “maps”) that can be used to stimulate reflection on various types of perspectival differences. The maps are part of the author’s previously established mapping methodology, known as the Geometry of Logic. As an illustration of how philosophy can influence the development of psychology, Immanuel Kant’s table (...) of twelve categories and Carl Jung’s theory of psychological types are shown to share a common logical structure. Just as Kant proposes four basic categories, each expressed in terms of three subordinate categories, Jung proposes four basic personality functions, each having three possible manifestations. The concluding section presents four scenarios illustrating how such maps can be used in philosophical counseling sessions to stimulate philopsychic insight. (shrink)

I offer a method for philosophical counseling that is contrasted with Marinoffs. This version of philosophical counseling is primarily epistemic and suggests therapy as the examination of the justification of a client's beliefs, with a goal of enabling the client to change belief systems if the client so chooses.

This book is an integrated series of philosophical investigations that offers significant new insights into key philosophical concerns ranging from methodological issues to substantive doctrines. Consisting of three sections, it first deals with the nature of philosophizing itself and seeks to illustrate the project from the angle of the pragmatic tradition. The second section is devoted to issues of knowledge and how the cognitive project goes about producing results that are cogent and objective. The third and closing section (...) considers how the ideas and perspectives of these considerations can be applied and implemented in various matters of personal judgment and practice. (shrink)

At the close of this psychotherapeutic century, an alternative to psychotherapy has begun to emerge: the use of philosophy as guidance in order to ameliorate everyday life situations. This new approach to so?called psychological problems, consisting of various forms of open?ended dialogue and reflection on life, may prevent or resolve many of the ?illnesses? for which people seek psychiatric or psychological treatment. If successful, philosophical counseling would mark not only a radical shift in the direction of psychological care, (...) but a radical return to the original, practical purposes of philosophy. (shrink)

This paper completes an argument that the problem of moral distress offers philosophical counselors an opportunity to do work that is both socially useful and philosophically interesting in its own right. A previous Philosophical Practice article answered the question, What's Philosophical About Moral Distress? by conceptualizing it as a phenomenon that arises within a moral worldview (Matchett 2018). The present paper investigates ways in which a philosophical counseling response to moral distress might differ from the (...) strategies deployed by the nursing profession to date. Though they are often quite subtle, the presence of some differences opens the possibility that philosophical counseling might be more effective than those strategies; in addition to helping individual nurses feel better, this could strengthen the nursing profession's efforts to mitigate nursing shortages and enhance quality of patient care. Though case studies are necessary to support these claims, there are reasons to think they are warranted. (shrink)

Philosophical counselling is an approach that aims to assist people to deal with life events in an effective manner. As such, it is of interest to nurses who are concerned with helping clients who require assistance effectively to manage life events. The approach utilizes both ancient and contemporary philosophical promises and theories. On the promise side, it offers the belief that philosophy can be concerned with providing answers to the question of how people ought to live a good (...) or healthy life. On the theory side, it offers the belief that philosophical inquiry and theory can help people towards such answers. Thus the theory and practice of philosophical counselling is relevant to nurses whose practice aims to promote in their clients a good or healthy lifestyle. The practice of philosophical counselling, in a substance abuse centre, will be explored to demonstrate the theory and methods of the approach. (shrink)

This paper approaches philosophical counseling practice from the idea that philosophy itself is primarily a way of living and only secondarily a subject matter to be grasped and comprehended. Three things are shown to follow from this view: first, charging a fee for access to this practice is inimical to the practice itself; secondly, contrary to scientific ‘objectivity’ as the means to truthspeaking, this view of philosophy calls for a consciously articulated autobiographical expression or personal admission on the (...) part of the philosophical practitioner; and, finally, an understanding of philosophical counseling practice emerges from this view of philosophy that is depicted as naturally occurring therapeutic interacting. (shrink)

The last two and a half decades has seen the emergence of philosophical counseling. While it is practiced in many countries comparatively little has been said on its general character. In this paper I will seek to understand philosophical counseling by exploring its points of convergence to and deviation from its complimentary parts – philosophy and counseling. The practical and applied orientation of philosophical counseling seems worlds apart from what many consider to exemplify (...) philosophy – theoretical, intellectual and abstract concern with foundational questions. Given this it is worth exploring how philosophical counseling coincides with what is understood in academic circles as philosophy. On the other hand, the field of counseling has largely been the domain of psychology. Given the influence and orientation of the practice it would seem likely that philosophical counseling would be significantly different from the common conception of psychological counseling, but in what ways? Understanding how the practice lies in relation to the discipline of philosophy and psychological counseling will go some way to grasping its nature. (shrink)

The main aim of this essay is to open up an area of philosophical counseling that may be described as philosophical counseling for philosophers, where philosophical disabilities or impairments can be identified and treated. This is done by going to the field of mental imagery, which is the context in which the author presents his own imagery impairments and the negative impact they have had on his work in philosophy. The author also tries to show (...) how attending to differences in imaging ablity can help to settle such classic disputes in philosophy as that between Locke and Berkeley on abstract general ideas. (shrink)

In this dissertation, I develop a theory of philosophical counseling and teaching. It is the outcome of my holding the tension of my practical and theoretical viewing points. Holding the tension is a term which Maurice Friedman coined to counter the idea of dichotomous either/or thinking and any attempt to synthesize thought into unity or fusion. ;This dissertation focuses on Buber's notion of the dialogical, which implies acknowledging the other's otherness. Buber's notion of other is diametrically opposed to (...) the post-modern notion of other. The difference lies in the fact that Buber's notion of the not-I is rooted in trust, whereas the post-modern notion of denial and exclusion is rooted in distrust. ;This difference is of great importance, especially as it affects fields like counseling and teaching. In both counseling and teaching, it is important to be able to acknowledge the other as other, and to be able to meet the other while holding one's own ground. Yet, one can only do so when one can trust the other's otherness through an act of implicitly understanding his otherness. In any field which affects learning and teaching, we deal with different styles of discourse. It is my contention that a topic-centered discourse style distrusts what is implicitly understood and requires that it be made explicit. It cannot be relied upon for any kind of accuracy or coherence. Topic-associating trusts and relies on what is implicitly understood. In my work as both philosophical counselor and teacher I try to restore the notion of working on the basis of understood trust, and on the basis of responding to people's otherness. ;In this dissertation I present illustrations of my work as philosophical counselor and as an instructor in the Upward Bound College Prep Academy at the University of Illinois. These are examples of actively bringing trust back into the interaction between teacher/student or counselor/counselee. (shrink)

Beginning from the recognition that “philosophical counseling” is a form of counseling and must acknowledge the extent to which it shares a framework with other kinds of counseling, this article articulates a modest agenda for philosophical counselors and the organizations that represent them. Philosophical counselors may enrich counseling more effectively from the inside, in alliance with other counselors. Respecting the experience and expertise of counselors will help other counselors to appreciate the value philosophy (...) may have for their practice. The general search for allies, who share the sense that philosophy has value for everyday life, may lead, in connection with counseling, to greater involvement of philosophers in training programs for counselors. (shrink)

The recent literature, conference and internet discussions about philosophical counseling (PC) show that it is in a state of confusion as to its definition, area of expertise and purpose. The present paper analyzes these definitions showing their limitations as well as their strong points. A proposal for a more adequate definition is then given which recommends changing the name of “Philosophical Counseling” to “Philosophy Educator and Advisor.” It is also shown that humanism contains many of the (...) elements of the definitions of PC. An analysis of emotion, and specifically anger, is then given to show its implications for PC and to exemplify the definition of PC here proposed. (shrink)

Philosophical counselling, Ran Lahav and others claim, helps clients deepen their philosophical self‐understanding. The counsellor's role is the minimalist one of providing the client with the philosophical tools needed for reflective self‐evaluation. Respect for the client's autonomy entails refraining from intervening with substantive moral criticism, theories, and methods; the client's ways of working out fundamental questions like ‘Who am I and what do I really want?’cannot be assessed by the counsellor in terms of their truth‐value, but only (...) in terms of whether they reflect the client's autonomous choice to express him/herself in a certain way. I argue that this view, which is informed by an anti‐realist account of self and life‐history, undermines the distinction between self‐knowledge and self‐deception. Once interpretive and criteriological free rein is given to the client, and once personal, pragmatic and aesthetic considerations take precedence over truth‐value, then the way is left open to clients to generate the most morally convenient self‐interpretation to suit their current needs. I defend the view that truth matters in philosophical counselling; more specifically, that there is a basic distinction between true and false forms of self‐understanding. To do this, I offer a broadly realist account of self and reflective self‐evaluation. If this is right, then philosophical counsellors shoulder a significant burden of responsibility in helping their clients achieve an accurate, defensible, action‐guiding and truth‐oriented self‐understanding. (shrink)

이 논문은 지금까지 규정되어온 절망에 관한 통속적이고 피상적인 고찰과 불충분한 이해에서 벗어나 인간이 왜 절망하는지 그 본질적 문제에 주목하고, 나아가 절망 끝에 숨어있는 새로운 삶의 시작이 어떻게 가능한지에 대해 논의한다. 현대를 ‘절망의 시대’로 선언한 키에르케고어가 그의 저서 『죽음에 이르는 병』에서 절망을 죽음의 병으로 규정하는 근거가 무엇인지, 절망이 현실적인 문제로 인한 일시적인 혼란의 감정이 아니라면 도대체 왜 인간은 절망하는지, 그에 대한 이론적 고찰을 수행한 뒤, 절망에 빠진 인간이 삶을 지탱해나갈 수 있는 근원을 오히려 절망에서 찾는 키에르케고어의 역설적 시도를 철학상담의 관점에서 재해석한다. (...) 키에르케고어에게 자기와의 참된 관계란 절망을 통하지 않고서는 자기기만에서 벗어날 수 없으며, 또한 자기의 한계를 인정하고 수용하는 진정한 ‘나’로 거듭날 수 없다. 이 점에 주목하는 이 논문은 ‘자기 자신’에 관한 논고라 할 수 있는 『죽음에 이르는 병』이 절망하는 사람을 도울 수 있는 매우 중요한 철학적 단초를 제공하고 있다고 보고, 이를 토대로 철학상담이 어떻게 그들을 도울 수 있는지에 대해 그 가능성을 모색하고 있다. (shrink)

Notwithstanding recent successes of philosophical counseling, which appear to be leading to its legitimization as a professional practice in America and abroad, many forces concen to condition its emergent structure and function. This paper briefly elucidates some of the influences to which philosophical counseling is subject, that lie beyond its unilateral control. These include its portayal by the media to the public, its scope of practice, its relations with psychology and psychiatry, its foreseeable effects in particular (...) cases, and its perception by (and of) analytical philosophy. (shrink)

The practice of ‘Philosophical Counselling’ (henceforth ‘PC’) is growing. But what exactly is PC? The variety of attempts to define PC can be summarised in terms of three overlapping sets of opposites: practical versus theoretical definitions; monistic versus pluralistic definitions; and substantive versus antinomous definitions. ‘Practical’ definitions of PC include descriptive accounts of its actual practice. ‘Theoretical’ definitions exclude such accounts. ‘Monistic definitions’ refers to definitions of PC that define it in terms of the work of one specific philosopher (...) or approach in philosophy. ‘Pluralistic’ definitions draw on the work of a variety of philosophers or approaches. ‘Substantive’ definitions are definitions that purport to say what PC is, while ‘antinomous’ definitions of PC say what it is not . My aim is not to define PC definitively. The aim of this article is rather to: (i) provide an overview of the wide variety of efforts to define PC; and, (ii) briefly suggest a preliminary understanding of PC that seems to cover most of the other definitions thereof. For David Fourie (1946-2013). (shrink)