New perspective on Heisenberg's interpretation of quantum mechanics for researchers and graduate students in the history and philosophy of physics.

According to the standard view, the so-called ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ of quantum mechanics originated in discussions between Bohr and Heisenberg in 1927, and was defended by Bohr in his classic debate with Einstein. Yet recent scholarship has shown Bohr’s views were never widely accepted, let alone properly understood, by his contemporaries, many of whom held divergent views of the ‘Copenhagen orthodoxy’. This paper examines how the ‘myth of the Copenhagen interpretation’ was constructed by situating it in the context of Soviet Marxist (...) critique of quantum mechanics in the 1950s and the response by physicists such as Heisenberg and Rosenfeld. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that Heisenberg's mature philosophy of quantum mechanics must be understood in the context of his epistemological project to reinterpret and redefine Kant's notion of the a priori. After discussions with Weizsäcker and Hermann in Leipzig in the 1930s, Heisenberg attempted to ground his interpretation of quantum mechanics on what might be termed a 'practical' transformation of Kantian philosophy. Taking as his starting point, Bohr's doctrine of the indispensability of classical concepts, Heisenberg argued that concepts such (...) as space, time and causality can be regarded as 'practically a priori', in so far as they remain the conditions for the possibility of experience and even of 'objective reality', though they are not universal and necessary in a strictly Kantian sense. We cannot avoid using classical concepts in the description of experiments in quantum theory, despite the fact that there are limits to their applicability. Such concepts are, for Heisenberg, historically contingent, yet indispensable in our time, because we have no other language through which we can describe and conceive of the interaction between 'object' and 'measuring device'. (shrink)

In this paper we aim to think systematically about, formulate, and begin addressing some of the challenges to applying theories of moral responsibility to behaviors shaped by a particular subset of unsettling psychological complexities: namely, implicit biases.

Purpose This study aims to examine the individuals’ perceived usefulness and ease of use of the government’s electronic services. It also explores the effect of the social influences, as well as of the facilitating conditions, on the individuals’ intentions to use the government’s digital and mobile services. Design/methodology/approach The researcher has adapted various measuring items from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and from the theory of acceptance model to investigate the participants’ utilitarian motivations to engage with (...) the government’s online services. The analysis involved a two-step, structural equation modeling approach that included a confirmatory factor analysis that verified the constructs’ validity and reliability. Findings There was a satisfactory fit for this study’s research model. The findings revealed that there were direct and indirect effects that predicted the individuals’ readiness to use the e-government services. The results suggest that the respondents’ perceived usefulness and ease of use of this digital technology were significant antecedents for their behavioral intention to use it. The strength of these relationships was affected by the moderating variables, including, age, gender and experience. Yet, these demographic variables did not have a significant effect on the link between social influences and behavioral intention. Originality/value This study reported that the citizens felt that the e-government systems were useful and easy to use for them. The research participants indicated that they will continue accessing their government’s online services. Therefore, this research implies that the public services should continue improving the facilitating conditions, including the provision of service quality and capability; as well as secure the accessibility to their e-government systems via digital and mobile technologies. In conclusion, this contribution identifies possible research avenues to academia. (shrink)

Cet article interroge les tensions entre phénoménologie et herméneutique telles qu’elles se cristallisent dans le propos de Ricœur sur la religion, en particulier dans un texte tardif qui a connu plusieurs versions et qui est peut-être le seul où le philosophe aborde aussi directement les questions méthodologiques que soulève une phénoménologie de la religion. Nous tentons de montrer que Ricœur considère en quelque sorte cette dernière avec des œillères, au profit d’une herméneutique de la religion qui, pour modeste et prudente (...) qu’elle soit, se voit forcée de renoncer à prendre en charge l’élucidation de la constitution originaire de l’expérience religieuse. (shrink)

This paper presents a critical analysis of Tamar Szabó Gendler’s view of thought experiments, with the aim of developing further a constructivist epistemology of thought experiments in science. While the execution of a thought experiment cannot be reduced to standard forms of inductive and deductive inference, in the process of working though a thought experiment, a logical argument does emerge and take shape. Taking Gendler’s work as a point of departure, I argue that performing a thought experiment involves a process (...) of self-interrogation, in which we are compelled to reflect on our pre-existing knowledge of the world. In doing so, we are forced to make judgments about what assumptions we see as relevant and how they apply to an imaginary scenario. This brings to light the extent to which certain forms of skill, beyond the ability to make valid logical inferences, are necessary to execute a thought experiment well. (shrink)

Il n’est sans doute pas exagéré de dire que les héritiers des Lumières ont dû lutter âprement pour dépasser la critique certes légitime et néanmoins destructrice de la religion léguée par leurs prédécesseurs. Tout en marquant leur accord avec le fait que nombre de doctrines, de dogmes et de règles décrétées par les « Églises » et autres autorités scolastiques ou théologiques relèvent en réalité de la pure et simple superstition, lesdits héritiers se sont positionnés fermement contre deux type...

BackgroundThe sustained rise in negative mental health reports among university students is a source of continued global concern, and investigation continues into potential contributors to this rise. This includes the increased prevalence of risky sexual behaviors. Related is the increased prevalence of pornography use. Our study sought to explore the potential relationship between compulsive use of pornography and mental health in university students.MethodsOur sample consisted of university students from Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, Ohio. An anonymous survey was sent to (...) all students at the university over the age of 18. The survey was comprised of the following: demographic questions, questions on pornography use and perception, a modified version of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale assessing various factors associated with compulsive internet pornography use, questions assessing emotional and sexual states relative to pornography use, and the 21-question version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale.ResultsOur results indicate that 56.6% of those surveyed reported lifetime pornography use, with a significantly higher proportion of males than females reporting such use. The majority of students reported accessing pornography through internet-related technologies. Additionally, 17.0, 20.4, and 13.5% of students reported severe or extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively, with compulsive pornography use significantly affecting all three mental health parameters in both sexes. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three factors suggesting emotional coping, dependence and preoccupation for the mCIUS items and three factors reflecting interoceptive, impotent, and extrinsic characteristics for the EmSS items. Regression analysis indicated that various demographics, items pertaining to reduced control and social impairment, and other variables pertaining to pornography use predicted mental health outcomes. Faith, morals and personal motivation were the primary variables reported to help reduce pornography use.ConclusionOur analyses indicate a significant relationship between mental health and pornography use, including behaviors reflecting behavioral addictions, highlighting the necessity for a better understanding and consideration of the potential contribution of internet pornography to negative mental health among university students. (shrink)

The concept of “natural attitude” as it was developed by Husserl in the Ideas I plays a key role in the phenomenological methodology. But was it in and for itself enough investigated? Heidegger’s critics and radical transformation of it is well known, unlike its treatment by the first generation of Husserl’s student. Adolf Reinach, for a short time leader of the realist phenomenology faithful to Husserl’s breakthroughs in the Logical Investigations, is one of the latter. Within a veiled debate with (...) Husserl about possibilities and limits of transcendental idealism (e. g. a critical reception of Ideas I) he attempts a kind of rehabilitation of natural attitude by way of an original and thorough description of it. Still in a strictly phenomenological manner, it though privileges for strategic reasons the “variation” process over the “reduction” one. The result is a subtle reflection that helps us thinking lived experience exactly as we lived it and not how philosophy would have it. (shrink)

Fruit d'un colloque tenu en 2010 dans la ville de Budapest, cet ouvrage collectif introduit aux grands chapitres de l'oeuvre de l'académicien en même temps qu'elle lui adresse certaines questions permettant d'en mieux saisir les enjeux et d'en indiquer quelques prolongements possibles. Cartésianisme, phénoménologie et théologie : telles sont les trois voies thématiques empruntées afin d'interroger un travail qui a su se rendre indispensable à son époque.

Que dire des épreuves de la vie? Nous ne savons quelles elles sont qu'à les traverser et ignorons ce qu'elles sont en les endurant. Quand surviennent-elles? Comment? Et pourquoi? Aveugles lorsqu'elles frappent, hagards lorsqu'elles cessent, comment pourrions-nous porter sur elles nos regards? Dans l'obscure nuit qu'elles répandent sur nos vies, tout n'est cependant pas que ténèbres. Car les épreuves révèlent, elles phénoménalisent. Sous leur sombre lumière, tout se montre sous son vrai jour. Condamnés par le pire à donner le meilleur, (...) nous qui les essuyons faisons alors nos preuves. Dans l'épreuve, l'ego apparaît donc comme jamais il ne le fait, non pas comme il le doit, mais toujours comme il est. Faudrait-il ajouter que d'épreuves comme de phénoménologie, il n'en est que de la vie pour que l'idée d'une phénoménologie des épreuves de la vie s'impose en philosophie? Inutile : l'irrésistible réalité de ces épreuves impose à qui les subit un inextinguible besoin de philosophie. Or qui mieux que la phénoménologie peut, en philosophie, mettre à l'épreuve les épreuves de la vie. (shrink)

Global environmental problems, such as global warming, pollution, or deforestation, are critical issues that require a rapid and common response. In this context, companies play a decisive role in achieving environmental objectives through the ecological knowledge they can store and manage. In this context, the present research focuses its interest on analyzing how the set of green intangibles possessed by organizations, i.e., Green Intellectual Capital, affects their Green Performance. Specifically, the study shows how GP is influenced by GIC through the (...) mediating role of the Green Innovation variable. Therefore, the research questions to be answered by this study are as follows: Does GIC influence environmental performance? Does GI mediate the GIC-GP relationship? What actions can companies take to improve their GP? There are several reasons that have led us to carry out this research. First, there is little empirical evidence of the relationships proposed in this study. Second, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research that has contextualized the relationships raised in the wine industry, thus representing an advance in the comprehension of the constructs studied. Third, GIC represents an incipient field of study that needs to be developed and established within the literature linked to Intellectual Capital. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, data from a survey of 202 wineries in Spain were used and a quantitative approach was followed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between GIC and GP. In addition, GI partially mediates the relationship between these two variables, playing a key role in the environmental management of wineries. The theoretical and practical contributions of the study improve the understanding of the relationships raised, being a pioneering study due to its contextualization in the wine industry, as well as providing a series of guidelines for both environmental managers and winemakers to improve their GP. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es abordar el pensamiento del padre Benito Feijoo a partir del análisis de un elemento central que, sin embargo, no ha sido frecuentemente trabajado: su dimensión ética. Sostendremos que la apuesta de Feijoo por un ejercicio pleno y autónomo de la razón, por una filosofía como actividad crítica, entraña un compromiso ético y humano fundamental, representa un horizonte de lucha contra la superstición y la discriminación, que posee un valor singular indudable. Argumentaremos que esta dimensión (...) ética se articula en torno a la consideración racional de los seres humanos como iguales que se deriva del ejercicio feijoniano de _desengaño de errores comunes_ y se postula como el fundamento de todo vínculo. Para defender esta hipótesis abordaremos el proyecto filosófico de Feijoo deteniéndonos en su análisis de las relaciones humanas, de las prácticas y creencias que las estructuran, a partir del cual emerge una ética de lo cotidiano que apunta a cuestionar los fundamentos filosóficos sobre los que se construyen vínculos y modos de vivir en sociedad. Tomaremos tres ejemplos posibles en los que esta dimensión se hace tangible: (1) el alegato que Feijoo profiere en favor del pueblo judío, (2) las consideraciones que presenta sobre los pobladores nativos del continente americano y (3) la defensa que despliega respecto de las mujeres en una de sus obras centrales, el _Teatro Crítico Universal_. (shrink)

Nursing is at the same time a vocation, a profession and a job. By nature, nursing is a moral endeavor, and being a ‘good nurse’ is an issue and an aspiration for professionals. The aim of our qualitative research project carried out with 18 nurse teachers at a university nursing school in Brazil was to identify the ethical image of nursing. In semistructured interviews the participants were asked to choose one of several pictures, to justify their choice and explain what (...) they meant by an ethical nurse. Five different perspectives were revealed: good nurses fulfill their duties correctly; they are proactive patient advocates; they are prepared and available to welcome others as persons; they are talented, competent, and carry out professional duties excellently; and they combine authority with power sharing in patient care. The results point to a transition phase from a historical introjection of religious values of obedience and service to a new sense of a secular, proactive, scientific and professional identity. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage propose une étude de la pensée du jeune Heidegger au prisme de sa philosophie de la religion, reconstituée pour l’occasion dans ses rapports aux philosophies dominantes de son époque d’une part, et à l’histoire de la théologie et de l’exégèse d’autre part. Pour ce faire, il prend pour fil directeur le célèbre cours « Introduction à la phénoménologie de la religion » prononcé au semestre d’hiver 1920/1921 à l’Université de Freiburg, dont l’édition officielle est ici amendée en de (...) multiples endroits. Une première partie s’attache à démontrer l’antériorité et l’excès de la vie sur toute théorie en interrogeant successivement la redéfinition de l’acte de penser en tant qu’expérience sui generis, l’explication ambivalente de Heidegger avec Ernst Troeltsch, interlocuteur jadis incontournable sur le terrain de la philosophe de la religion, la quête d’une notion d’historicité plus fondamentale et plus radicale que celle en usage au sein de la philosophie de l’histoire et de la science historique, et la problématisation d’un outil méthodique énigmatique, l’indication formelle, en discussion serrée avec la doctrine de Husserl. La seconde partie suit Heidegger pas à pas dans son explication phénoménologico-herméneutique de passages choisis des Epîtres de saint Paul, son interprétation de la grande Tradition chrétienne, et son dialogue crypté avec les représentants majeurs de la théologie néo-testamentaire et de l ́histoire des dogmes et des religions dans l’Allemagne de la seconde moitié du xixe et du début du xxe siècle. L’ensemble se présente comme un commentaire critique tout à la fois historique et systématique du cours précité et veut servir de prolégomènes, non seulement à une approche originale du corpus heideggérien, mais encore à une philosophie de la religion régénérée dans la dialectique originaire entre le phénomène du vécu et le phénomène scripturaire. (shrink)

Different proprietary databases have been used extensively in research to assess the environmental performance and environmental risk of companies. This study explores the convergent validity of the environmental ratings of MSCI ESG STATS, Thomson Reuters ASSET4 and Global Engagement Services. The study shows that the ratings have common dimensions, but on aggregate, they do not converge. On the environmental opportunity side, KLD environmental strengths, and ASSET4 and GES environmental performance metrics correlate highly and provide convergent scores for US companies from (...) 2003–2011. On the environmental risk side, KLD environmental concerns converge with the GES environmental industry risk and company emissions from the ASSET4 database. Further analysis confirms that industry-related risks are drivers of company-specific environmental performance. (shrink)

: This paper examines the transformation which occurs in Heisenberg's understanding of indeterminacy in quantum mechanics between 1926 and 1928. After his initial but unsuccessful attempt to construct new quantum concepts of space and time, in 1927 Heisenberg presented an operational definition of concepts such as 'position' and 'velocity'. Yet, after discussions with Bohr, he came to the realisation that classical concepts such as position and momentum are indispensable in quantum mechanics in spite of their limited applicability. This transformation in (...) Heisenberg's thought, which centres on his theory of meaning, marks the critical turning point in his interpretation of quantum mechanics. (shrink)

For Theory aims to open a discussion on the weakening of the production of theory in left-wing thought since the 1970s, based on Louis Althusser's ideas of overdetermination, plural temporality, conjuncture, and theoretical practice.

El presente trabajo se inscribe en el cruce que intersecta nodos centrales de la filosofía contemporánea en el llamado giro posthumano con las experiencias y producciones teóricas transfeministas. Consideramos que tal intersección se encuentra dada en la medida en que ambos términos suponen el resquebrajamiento de las lógicas identitarias en tanto políticas del deseo que promueven formas de sujeción andro-antropocéntricas y tanato-bio-políticas. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar en qué medida estos ámbitos se retroalimentan, pero enfoncándonos especialmente en dilucidar cuáles han sido (...) los aportes de los transfeminismos al pensamiento posthumanista. Concretamente, a través de abordajes metodológicos inscriptos en el horizonte de una genealogía crítica, analizaremos la implicación que las experiencias trans y el pensamiento feminista tuvieron para la postulación del dispositivo de sexualidad en Foucault y para el devenir-mujer en Deleuze y Guattari. Como resultado de tales análisis llegamos a la formulación de lo que denominamos filosóficas transfeministas en tanto prácticas de pensamiento y pensamiento en práctica que, en el ocaso de lo humano, buscan generar políticas del deseo para nuevos devenires simpoiéticos. (shrink)

In the novel Die Automate (Hoffmann, 1957 ed.), the German writer Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) describes different kinds of musical automatons which play music with expression and musicality. The whole novel is based on the effect of the automatic performances on the feelings of the two personages and on the appearance of musical automatons which simulate, with their musical skill and expressiveness, the structures of the knowledge and feelings of human beings.

La philosophie développée par le jeune Heidegger constitue une pensée autonome qui dégage des réponses fortes à des questions dont l’intérêt ne dépend pas de leur lien au reste de l’oeuvre, qu’il s’agisse du maître ouvrage Être et Temps ou des méditations postérieures sur les présocratiques et les poètes. Cela vaut en particulier des travaux qui touchent ou effleurent la problématique théologico-religieuse. Dans cette étude, nous enquêtons philologiquement et philosophiquement sur les occurrences du mot «Dieu» dans le corpus proto-heideggerien afin (...) de montrer comment sa manifestation dans le texte est à chaque fois décisive. Nous postulons ensuite qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une spécificité heideggerienne, mais d’une qualité phénoménologico-herméneutique du mot lui-même. (shrink)

In 2016, the National Book Council, the ISBN agency for Malta, released its ISBN database online. A few months later, the ISBN database was enhanced with an open-data feature that enables users to download the search results in a single file with read and write access. The database includes all the ISBN data of Malta except for some records and data that were lost during the period before 2013 when paper data storage of ISBN records was the common practice. The (...) implementation of an ISBN electronic database now ensures that no data go missing and facilitates the preservation of metadata. As added value, the open-data system provides access to all of the ISBN records as listed in the database, which means that virtually all of the ISBN data elements can be downloaded from the database. Researchers, publishers, authors, and booksellers all stand to benefit from this open ISBN data system. (shrink)

This essay returns to the origins of the phenomenology of religion, offering an introduction to and a discussion of seminal contributions to the field. Three figures are examined: Max Scheler, Adolf Reinach and the early Martin Heidegger, who are presented as the ‘German Fathers’ of the phenomenology of religion. Each conducted a radical foray into the religious life-world, sometimes in accord with the project of their Master Edmund Husserl, sometimes opposing or radically revising his project, but typically developing new methods (...) and proposing radical insights. They attempted to define the proper attitude a phenomenologist – who might possibly also be a religious person – should adopt in the face of phenomena and lived experiences clearly beyond the ordinary. This enterprise led to heated debates and a rich analysis described here. (shrink)

Serious games have become an important tool to train individuals in a range of different skills. Importantly, serious games or gamified scenarios allow for simulating realistic time-critical situations to train and also assess individual performance. In this context, determining the user’s cognitive load during training seems crucial for predicting performance and potential adaptation of the training environment to improve training effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to identify in-game metrics sensitive to users’ cognitive load. According to Barrouillets’ time-based resource-sharing model, particularly (...) relevant for measuring cognitive load in time-critical situations, cognitive load does not depend solely on the complexity of actions but also on temporal aspects of a given task. In this study, we applied this idea to the context of a serious game by proposing in-game metrics for workload prediction that reflect a relation between the time during which participants’ attention is captured and the total time available for the task at hand. We used an emergency simulation serious game requiring management of time-critical situations. Forty-seven participants completed the emergency simulation and rated their workload using the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Results indicated that the proposed in-game metrics yielded significant associations both with subjective workload measures as well as with gaming performance. Moreover, we observed that a prediction model based solely on data from the first minutes of the gameplay predicted overall gaming performance with a classification accuracy significantly above chance level and not significantly different from a model based on subjective workload ratings. These results imply that in-game metrics may qualify for a real-time adaptation of a game-based learning environment. (shrink)

Student academic dishonesty is a pervasive problem for universities all over the world. The development of innovative practices and interventions for decreasing dishonest behaviour requires understanding factors influencing academic dishonesty. Previous research showed that personal, environmental, and situational factors affect dishonest behaviour at a university. The set of factors and the strength of their influence can differ across countries. There is a lack of research on factors affecting student dishonesty in Russia. A sample of 15,159 undergraduate students from eight Russian (...) highly selective universities was surveyed to understand what factors influence their decision to engage in dishonest behaviour. Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour was employed to explain dishonest behaviour among students. The explained variance in the engagement in academic dishonesty equals 48% in the model for the full sample, and reaches 69% in the model for one of the considered institutions. The major findings of this study were: subjective norms appeared to dominate as the strongest predictor of academic dishonesty across the Russian universities; perceived behavioural control, appeared to be positively related to the dishonest behaviour. In the majority of universities, this factor was found to be insignificant. This finding indicates a specific feature of Russian students’ an ethical decision-making process discussed in the last part of the paper. (shrink)