Ernst Bloch desenvolveu uma teoria na qual a dualidade entre a história humana e natureza pode ser superada e compreendida desde sua unidade originária. Bloch insere o ser humano na natureza de tal modo que, simultaneamente, se torna possível conceber a história humana como constitutiva do devir processual da mesma. Com isto, na medida em que o devir da natureza é concebido numa perspectiva aberta, constitui-se a possibilidade de entendimento da ação humana enquanto produção da própria natureza. As possibilidades da (...) práxis humana ampliam-se, assim, tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativamente. O confronto com a compreensão da relação entre natureza e história em Hegel e Heidegger é um recurso usado para explicitar a especificidade da posição de Ernst Bloch.. (shrink)

Conferência proferida em 1972 na Universidade do Sul da Flórida, em Tampa, sob o título A Revolution in Values. Publicado pela primeira vez em 1973 (HMA, 468.01) no volume Political Ideologies, organizado por James A. Gould e Willis H. Truitt. A tradução atual foi feita a partir da versão em alemão: Marcuse, Herbert. Eine Revoltion der Werte. In: Marcuse, Herbert. Nachgelassene Schriften. Das Schicksal der bürgerlichen Demokratie, organizada por Peter-Erwin Jansen e traduzida do inglês para o alemão por Michael Haupt. (...) Lüneburg: Zu Klampen, 1999, p. 135-144. (shrink)

Segundo Ernst Bloch, o fato de grande parte das técnicas atualmente disponíveis tratarem a natureza apenas como objeto de dominação seria a consequência de uma relação instrumental e alienada da nossa sociedade com a natureza, resultando em uma tecnologia da violação, da destruição e da repressão. Daí a importância de se entender essa alienação fundamental, que estaria na base das catastróficas tendências ambientais da atualidade, a fim de se conceber, filosoficamente, uma técnica sem violação, também denominada de Técnica da Aliança (...) (Allianztechnik). Trata-se de uma concepção de técnica que pressupõe uma natureza e uma sociedade em horizontes abertos, integrados e vivos, para além do tolhimento burguês dela. Bloch concebe a Técnica da Aliança a partir da unidade originária, viva e coprodutiva entre natureza e sociedade. A superação da hodierna relação entre seres humanos e natureza requer, por isso, uma reconceitualização filosófica da própria natureza e de nossa relação com ela. Uma práxis social adequada poderia, inclusive, desbloquear conteúdos utópicos objetivamente já latentes na técnica atual, além de viabilizar novas possibilidades. (shrink)

Kant developed three major conceptions of nature. Each one is made possible by and corresponds to one of his Critiques. In the First Critique, nature is the ensemble of knowledge that is made possible through the understanding and represents the mechanicalcausal nature. This is nature as it is dealt with by science. In the Second Critique we are presented a conception of nature that transcends our sensibility and results from reason as it creates its own laws. This is supersensible nature, (...) as it grounds freedom and the practical-ethical actions. In the Third Critique we have organic nature, which is, at once, cause and effect of itself and is made possible by intuitive understanding. The different conceptions of nature are differentiated forms of knowledge, elaborated from diverse principles. And yet the three forms of nature are legitimate and do not exclude the other two. (shrink)

Entrevista realizada com o Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Flickinger.

A concepção de filosofia formulada por Adorno foi impulsionada principalmente pela sua reação crítica a sistemas com pretensões totalitárias: nazismo, stalinismo e a sociedade produtora de mercadorias. A filosofia representa um refúgio para a liberdade diante dessas estruturas: ela dá voz ao não-idêntico. A capacidade de subverter os ordenamentos conceituais e sociais é implícita ao próprio pensamento, que se articula na forma de constelações em devir. A aproximação da dialética com o materialismo, concebido enquanto primazia do objeto, fortalece a filosofia (...) na sua potencialidade crítica, na sua proximidade com a realidade e com a liberdade. Resulta daí uma filosofia renovada, simultaneamente aberta e comprometida com a verdade. A proposta deste artigo é apresentar a interdependência desses conceitos e apontar para a relevância da concepção de filosofia que deles emerge. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender como Ernst Bloch articula as concepções de materialismo e religião. Apoiando-se especialmente em F. Schelling, Bloch elaborou uma concepção de materialismo que concebe a capacidade de transcender sem a necessidade de recorrer a um ente transcendente. É a recusa radical de qualquer forma de idolatria. Carregadas de conteúdo utópico, como indicara Feuerbach, as religiões seriam um locus privilegiado de pré-anúncio e emergência do inédito. Seria preciso, no entanto, trazer esses conteúdos para o âmbito da (...) práxis social mediante uma hermenêutica da esperança, de modo que não mais permaneçam apartados do ser humano, como se fossem predicados de um ser transcendente. Se a posição materialista contribui para trazer os conteúdos religiosos de volta para a imanência, a religião, por sua vez, contribui para libertar o materialismo de seus enrijecimentos, acrescentando-lhes conteúdos e sentidos humanos e messiânicos. Assim, ao situar a religião em um horizonte materialista, Bloch contribui, simultaneamente, para evitar que ela se degrade em ideologia e para que o materialismo não se petrifique em dogmas. (shrink)

A sustentabilidade ambiental é um conceito-chave nas ciências naturais, sociais e humanas. A leitura naturalística, focada na descrição do quadro natural dissociado da humanidade que o integra, porém, pode enfraquecer a discussão, gerar déficit de criticidade e atuar como fonte de ideologia. Logo, não se pode reduzir o discurso da sustentabilidade às questões do desmatamento das florestas, a emissão do carbono, ao efeito estufa, por exemplo. O discurso ambiental a partir de 1990 foi acompanhado, por sua vez, pela valorização da (...) dimensão espacial. O objetivo é contribuir para alargar o horizonte conceitual da sustentabilidade ambiental enquanto geoética, a qual emerge da relação entre justiça e espaço geográfico, este tomado como um híbrido entre o meio natural e o meio artificial. As questões geoéticas passíveis de serem solucionada via democracia deliberativa podem assumir a forma de uma ética universal, considerando que o ambiente é, hoje, um problema global. A pesquisa é bibliográfica e de revisão. A partir do Google Acadêmico, Dial Net e Periódicos Capes, foram selecionados textos relevantes e atuais que abordam conceitualmente sustentabilidade ambiental em diferentes áreas. A nossa compreensão do espaço como mundo da vida e sistema nos leva, por conseguinte, a propor uma discussão espacializada da intersubjetividade da justiça em termos da ética discursiva. Espera-se, por fim, contribuir para o avanço da discussão em termos de inclusão da democracia deliberativa para fazer frente à concepção de sustentabilidade ambiental considerando os níveis de desenvolvimento desigual dos Países. (shrink)

A Geografia se institucionalizou na segunda metade do século XIX, na Alemanha e na França, como uma ciência empírico-analítica. Entre 1950 e 1970 se constituiu como uma ciência histórico-hermeneútica e, em seguida, como uma ciência crítica. No Brasil, o saber geográfico atravessou diferentes períodos históricos marcados pela ultradireita. Diante disso, procura-se interrogar em que medida, com o retorno ao ultraconservadorismo pós-Golpe de Estado de 2015 no Brasil, o interesse emacipatório que orienta as ações na área da Geografia acadêmica e escolar (...) sofre um desinteresse político em detrimento do interesse técnico e atrelado aos seus saberes? Neste contexto, objetiva-se analisar a relação entre interesse e conhecimento da ciência geográfica em períodos de conservadorismo e antidemocracia.Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, considerando-se a periodização das escolas de pensamento geográfico positivista, funcionalista e crítico-marxista. Foca-se nas aproximações entre o papel da Geografia escolar e o desenvolvimento do campo acadêmico da Geografia. Como resultados, verifica-se quanto às duas primeiras escolas de pensamento uma apropriação política do saber espacial mediante interesses técnico para a construção da identidade nacional, da ideologia patriótica e do desenvolvimentismo, no contexto de governos de ultra-direita ditatoriais. Conclui-se, porém, que com o governo de extremadireita eleito democraticamente mediante em 2018, verifica-se um desinteresse pelo conhecimento geográfico academico, isto é do territorio nacional, e um deficit na perspectiva crítica do ensino nas escolas pela via indultora da BNCC. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to explore, based on theoretical propositions of the Bakhtin Circle, some relations between discourse and ideology, taking the scientific dissemination discourse of Ciência Hoje [Science Today] magazine as our object of investigation. Operating with the idea that the concrete utterance is the main locus of creation of ideology, we focus on two editorials of that magazine (one from the 1980s and the other from the 1990s), trying to show how ideological clashes of contemporary (...) society manifest in the architecture of those editorials. (shrink)

This paper is a transcription and translation by Marina Banchetti of two memories of Edmund Husserl that Alfred Schutz recounted as part of a panel of philosophers discussing their memories of Husserl at Royaumont in 1957. One memory concerned Husserl lecturing in Prague without notes on the dignity of philosophy. The other had to do with Schutz ordering oranges for Husserl during his final illness.

In der Analyse und Bewaltigung sowohl der wachsenden okologischen Krise als auch in der steigenden Misere liegt der motivliche Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit. Mit Ruckgriff auf Schelling, Hegel, Marx und auf die kritische Theorie soll ein originarer philosophischer Beitrag zum Verstandnis der Grundstruktur dieser Gegenwartsprobleme geleistet werden. Die Leserlnnen sollen sich selbst uberzeugen konnen, dass sich durch den Zugriff auf die innere Verfasstheit der gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit neue Emanzipationstendenzen freisetzen und begrunden lassen.".

In this book, his major work, Alfred Schutz attempts to provide a sound philosophical basis for the sociological theories of Max Weber. Using a Husserlian phenomenology, Schutz provides a complete and original analysis of human action and its "intended meaning.".

The Structures of the Life-World is the final focus of twenty-seven years of Alfred Schutz's labor, encompassing the fruits of his work between 1932 and his death in 1959. This book represents Schutz's seminal attempt to achieve a comprehensive grasp of the nature of social reality. Here he integrates his theory of relevance with his analysis of social structures. Thomas Luckmann, a former student of Schutz's, completed the manuscript for publication after Schutz's untimely death.

Following the thematic divisions of the first three volumes of Alfred Schutz's Collected Papers into The Problem of Social Reality, Studies in Social Theory and Phenomenological Philosophy, this fourth volume contains drafts of unfinished writings, drafts of published writings, translations of essays previously published in German, and some largely unpublished correspondence. The drafts of published writings contain important material omitted from the published versions, and the unfinished writings offer important insights into Schutz's otherwise unpublished ideas about economic and political theory (...) as well as the theory of law and the state. In addition, a large group contains Schutz's reflections on problems in phenomenological philosophy, including music, which both supplement and add new dimensions to his published thought. All together, the writings in this volume cover Schutz's last 15 years in Europe as well as manuscripts written after his arrival in the USA in 1939. Audience: Students and scholars of phenomenology, social theory and the human sciences in general. (shrink)

The present paper gives an introduction to Schutz’s hereafter first published [“Fragment on the Phenomenology of Rhythm”]. After the editorial remarks the connections to the first part (first published in 1976) are developed along the lines of a nonconceptual substructure of meaning, the problem of passive synthesis,the phenomenological concept of the ideal object, the problem of the unit, and finally the connection of body, mind, and space. The paper closes with a commented summarization of Schutz’s fragment.

Phenomenological foundations - The cognitive setting of the life-world - Acting in the life-world - The world of social relationships - Realms of experience - The province of sociology.

Values and the scope of scientific inquiry, by M. Farber.--The phenomenology of epistemic claims: and its bearing on the essence of philosophy, by R. M. Zaner.--Problems of the Life-World, by A. Gurwitsch.--The Life-World and the particular sub-worlds, by W. Marx.--On the boundaries of the social world, by T. Luckmann.--Alfred Schutz on social reality and social science, by M. Natanson.--Homo oeconomicus and his class mates, by F. Machlup.--Toward a science of political economics, by A. Lowe.--Some notes on reality-orientation in contemporary societies, (...) by A. Brodersen.--The eclipse of reality, by E. Voegelin.--Alienation in Marx's Political economy and philosophy, by P. Merlan.--The problem of multiple realities: Alfred Schutz and Robert Musil, by P. L. Berger.--Phenomenology, history, myth, by F. Kersten.--The role of music in Leonardo's Paragone, by E. Winternitz.--Alfred Schutz bibliography (p. [297]-306). (shrink)

I will begin by considering how the social world appears to the scientific observer and ask the question of whether the world of scientific research, with all its categories of meaning interpretation and with all its conceptual schemes of action, is identical with the world in which the observed actor acts. Anticipating the result, I may state immediately that with the shift from one level to the other, all the conceptual schemes and all the terms of interpretation must be modified.Proceeding (...) in this direction, I encounter several problems overlapping with the problem of rational action and the “rational act unit” in Professor ParsonsParsons, Talcott’ sense. First: The conceptual scheme of rational action presupposes a more or less definite knowledge of, or orientation within, the world in which this action is performed. In this sense the term, “rationality”, is not specific to the conceptual scheme of action; it embraces the conceptual scheme of the world in general and is only one element in it. Therefore, we also must examine the problem of orientation in this world. Second: We ought to keep in mind that all interpretation of the social world has to start from the actor’s subjective point of view. Therefore, we cannot accept the term, “unit act”, as such, without trying to reduce it to its subjective meaning. Here I have to discuss in general terms why I insist on the subjective point of view. This is more than the whim of a few social scientists; social science cannot be built up except by taking cognizance of the subjective meaning the actor connects with his acting. Finally, I have to discuss the fact that there are social sciences operating on high theoretical levels that, like economics, apparently prefer to deal with statistical curves and mathematical formulae rather than with actions of human beings in the social world, yet they use the term, “rational action”, as an indispensable element of their systems. I will have to show what modification this term undergoes in these types of social sciences..). (shrink)

The Structures of the Life-World is the final focus of twenty-seven years of Alfred Schutz's labor, encompassing the fruits of his work between 1932 and his death in 1959. This book represents Schutz's seminal attempt to achieve a comprehensive grasp of the nature of social reality. Here he integrates his theory of relevance with his analysis of social structures. Thomas Luckmann, a former student of Schutz's, completed the manuscript for publication after Schutz's untimely death.

This volume contains a translation of four early manuscripts by Alfred Schutz, unpublished at the time, written between 1924 and 1928. The publication of these four essays adds much to our knowledge and appreciation of the wide range of Schutz’s phenomenological and sociological interests. Originally published in 1987. The essays consist of: a challenging presentation of a phenomenology of cognition and a treatment of Bergson’s conceptions of images, duration, space time and memory; a discussion of the meanings connected with the (...) grammatical forms of language in general; a consideration of the relation between meaning-contents and literary forms in poetry, literary prose narration and dramatic presentation; and an examination of resemblances and differences in the inner forms and characteristics of the major theatrical art forms. (shrink)

Hannah Arendt's essays about the 1957 crisis over efforts of a group of youth, the “Little Rock Nine,” to desegregate a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas, reveal a tension in her vision of the “public.” In this article Aaron Schutz and Marie Sandy look closely at the experiences of the youth desegregating the school, especially those of Elizabeth Eckford, drawing upon them to trace a continuum of forms of public engagement in Arendt's work. This ranges from arenas of “deliberative (...) friendship,” where unique individuals collaborate on common efforts, to a more conflictual “public stage,” where groups act in solidarity to change aspects of the public world. While Arendt famously asserted in her essay “The Crisis in Education” that political capacities should not be taught in schools, it makes more sense to see this argument as focused on what she sometimes called the conflictual “public stage,” reflecting the experience of the Little Rock Nine. In contrast, Schutz and Sandy argue that Arendt's own work implies that “deliberative friendship,” as described in her essay “Philosophy and Politics” and elsewhere, should be part of everyday practices in classrooms and schools. (shrink)

O cineclube escolar configura-se como um espaço de debate e reflexão dentro do ambiente educacional, proporcionando aos estudantes a oportunidade de exploração, crítica e análise de temas sociais, culturais e éticos a partir das obras cinematográficas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho busca tecer reflexões sobre o potencial do cineclube escolar como um espaço de formação voltado ao uso da fala, da construção de diálogos e de entendimentos intersubjetivos, por meio de articulações possíveis com a Teoria do Agir Comunicativo de Habermas. (...) Para isso, a fim de contextualizar tais questões e estabelecer as interações entre aquilo que se constitui como a prática cineclubista escolar com os pressupostos teóricos do agir comunicativo, realizou-se um levantamento de estudos que versam sobre o uso do cinema em sala de aula e a prática cineclubista como espaço de comunicação, bem como o referencial teórico de Habermas e seus interlocutores. As discussões apontam que, ao ser orientado pelos princípios do agir comunicativo, o formato de cineclube escolar pode apresentar o potencial de contribuir significativamente para a construção de um espaço de aprendizagem voltado ao diálogo igualitário, a autonomia e a participação ativa dos alunos, contrastando com as práticas instrumentais ainda presentes no ensino mediado pelo cinema. (shrink)

A ética discursiva de Jurgen Habermas ressalta o compromisso da linguagem racional em um diálogo no qual o objetivo é a busca de um consenso comum. Na atual sociedade a inteligência artificial (IA) tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço, e no contexto educacional não é diferente. Diante disso, objetiva-se então compreender como os princípios habermasianos podem conduzir a prática das IAs, de maneira que possa promover um ensino inclusivo e equitativo para os alunos com autismo em sala de aula. Trata-se (...) de pesquisa qualitativa, com levantamento bibliográfico e a proposta de criação de um aplicativo considerando a ética discursiva de acordo com Habermas. Os resultados implicam que uma IA criada com base haremmasiana ajuda a tornar a sala de aula inclusiva para os alunos com o diagnóstico do autismo. Conclui-se então que a IA pode ser um instrumento promotor da inclusão se criado com este propósito e aplicado de maneira coerente para alunos com autismo. (shrink)

The “body image” is a putative mental representation of one’s own body, including structural and geometric details, as well as the more familiar visual and affective aspects. Very little research has investigated how we learn the structure of our own body, with most researchers emphasising the canonical visual representation of the body when we look at ourselves in a mirror. Here, we used non-visual self-touch in healthy participants to investigate the possibility that primary sensorimotor experience may influence cognitive representations of (...) one’s own body structure. Participants used the fingers of one hand , to touch the fingers of the other . A conflict between the experience of the active and passive hand was introduced by experimenter interleaving their fingers with the fingers of the participant’s passive hand. This led to the active hand experiencing that it touched more fingers than the passive hand felt it was being touched by. The effects on representation of body structure were assessed using an implicit measure based on Kinsbourne and Warrington’s ‘in-between task’. We found an underestimation of the number of fingers in the central part of the hand specifically linked to the experience of self-touch. This pattern of results corresponds to the experience of the passive hand, but not the active hand. Nevertheless, comparable reorganisation of fingers within the hand representation was found for both active and passive hands. We show that primary sensorimotor experience can modify the representation of body structure. This modification is driven by the passive experience of being touched, rather than by the active experience of touching. We believe this is the first experimental study of effects of self-touch on the mental representation of the body. (shrink)

Background: Informed consent is a legal as well as ethical prerequisite in clinical research. For dementia research, informed consent can be a problem if subjects with dementia, whose capacity for understanding and thus also decision making might be limited, are to be exam- ined. This might result in exclusion of dementia patients from research, as capacity for understanding and decision making are often equated with the ability for rational decision making. However, this valuation has been criticized at times for attaching (...) too much impor- tance to the cognitive aspect of decision making. -/- Methods: This qualitative study investigates the actual consent procedure of a clini- cal research study in Germany with regard to dementia patients’ subjective and objective understanding of informed consent information. Research participants were ten dementia patients, who volunteered in two clinical research studies, as well as their caregivers. Data were collected by use of semi-structured interviews. -/- Results: It was determined that the patients’ comprehension of informed consent infor- mation was rather limited. However, a number of patients were quite aware of this. In con- trast, all caregivers claimed to have fully understood the provided information, while their objective comprehension was also incomplete. Several participants indicated that they did not attach much importance to the information given in the consent procedure and that their consent did not primarily depend on this information. Rather, participation in the research study for them seemed to be more of a problem-focused coping strategy for dealing with their diagnosis of dementia. -/- Conclusion: For research ethics these results raise the question whether the currently prevailing emphasis on the cognitive aspect of autonomous decision making, i.e., compre- hension, may be too one-sided, and to what extent the “volitional” aspect in giving consent should be given greater consideration. (shrink)

This article highlights the continuing relevance of a classic bioethical text, “Bioethics as a Discipline,” published by the Hastings Center’s cofounder Daniel Callahan in 1973. Connecting the text’s programmatic recommendations with later reflections and interventions Callahan wrote about the development of bioethics illuminates how the vision Callahan established and the reality this vision helped create were interrelated—just not in the way Callahan had hoped for. Although this portrait relies on an individual perception of the development of bioethics, it might nevertheless, (...) through its unique linkage of different bioethical temporalities, contribute to a broader reassessment of what bioethics became and why. (shrink)

One persistent puzzle in the life sciences is the asymmetric lipid composition of the cellular plasma membrane: while the exoplasmic leaflet is enriched in lipids carrying predominantly saturated fatty acids, the cytoplasmic leaflet hosts preferentially lipids with (poly‐)unsaturated fatty acids. Given the high energy requirements necessary for cells to maintain this asymmetry, the question naturally arises regarding its inherent benefits. In this paper, we propose asymmetry to represent a potential solution for harmonizing two conflicting requirements for the plasma membrane: first, (...) the need to build a barrier for the uncontrolled influx or efflux of substances; and second, the need to form a fluid and dynamic two‐dimensional substrate for signaling processes. We hence view here the plasma membrane as a composite material, where the exoplasmic leaflet is mainly responsible for the functional integrity of the barrier and the cytoplasmic leaflet for fluidity. We reinforce the validity of the proposed mechanism by presenting quantitative data from the literature, along with multiple examples that bolster our model. (shrink)