There is empirical evidence suggesting a positive link between direct experiences in nature and people’s environmental attitudes (EA) and behaviors (EB). This has led researchers to encourage more frequent contact with nature, especially during childhood, as a way of increasing pro-environmentalism (i.e., pro-EA and pro-EB). However, the association between experiences in nature and EA/EB is complex, and specific guidelines for people’s everyday contact with nature cannot be provided. This article offers an overview of the research conducted until know about the (...) relation between experiences in nature and pro-environmentalism, and opens up new inquiries for future research. We begin with an introduction to people’s current tendency toward an alienation from the natural world and set out the objectives of the article. It is followed by three main sections. The first one reports on what experiences in nature refer to, how and where they occur. The second section describes the different approaches used to investigate and interpret the experiences in nature-EA and EB relation. The last section provides suggestions for future research. We close by making some final remarks about the importance of (re)stablishing a greater interaction with nature for people’s pro-EA and EB. (shrink)

This volume reviews examples and notions of robustness at several levels of biological organization. It tackles many philosophical and conceptual issues and casts an outlook on the future challenges of robustness studies in the context of a practice-oriented philosophy of science. The focus of discussion is on concrete case studies. These highlight the necessity of a level-dependent description of robust biological behaviors.Experts from the neurosciences, biochemistry, ecology, biology, and the history and the philosophy of life sciences provide a multiplex perspective (...) on the topic. Contributions span from protein folding, to cell-level robustness, to organismal and developmental robustness, to sensorimotor systems, up to the robustness of ecological systems.Several chapters detail neurobiological case-studies. The brain, the poster child of plasticity in biology, offers multiple examples of robustness. Neurobiology explores the importance of temporal organization and multiscalarity in making this robustness-with-plasticity possible. The discussion also includes structures well beyond the brain, such as muscles and the complex feedback loops involved in the peculiar robustness of music perception. Overall, the volume grounds general reflections upon concrete case studies, opening to all the life sciences but also to non-biological and bio-inspired fields such as post-modern engineering. It will appeal to researchers, students, as well as non-expert readers. (shrink)

There have been major developments in the understanding of children’s nonhuman concepts, particularly God concepts, within the past two decades, with a body of cross-cultural studies accumulating. Relatively less research has studied those of non-Christian faiths or children’s concepts of popular occult characters. This paper describes two studies, one in Spain and one in England, examining 5- to 10-year-olds’ human and nonhuman agent beliefs. Both settings were secular, but the latter comprised a Muslim majority. Children were given a false-belief task (...) in which they were asked to infer about three humans, three animals and three supernatural beings. Similar false beliefs about humans, with subtle differences in inferences about animals and supernatural beings, were found between the two locations. In London different patterns for God between participants with a family religion, in particular Muslims, and non-affiliates, were identified as well as an association between religious beliefs and practice and inferences about God. Findings are discussed in the light of theory and research on the role of sociocultural inputs in children’s theory of mind development and understanding of agency. (shrink)

En este artículo, siguiendo la metáfora de ir haciendo juntas un tejido de experiencias, elaboramos una autoetnografía dialógica. Entrelazamos nuestras historias mediante un ejercicio que consistió en escribir de manera individual y discutir los textos en reuniones semanales. Este ejercicio nos ha permitido articular tres historias como académicas de tiempo completo dedicadas principalmente a la investigación. Tomamos la decisión de hacer este proceso de indagación compartida porque sentimos la urgente necesidad de reflexionar sobre esa carrera profesional, que iniciamos por vocación (...) hace ya varias décadas, pero que, conforme nos acercamos a su posible conclusión por jubilación, ha dejado de tener el mismo sentido. Esto, consideramos, responde en gran medida a la relevancia que han tomado los criterios administrativos en detrimento de los académicos en un nuevo contexto, que algunos han caracterizado como la universidad neoliberal.Las tres autoras —dos de las cuales han trabajado más la metodología cualitativa, en este caso particular la autoetnografía, y una de ellas que durante años ha investigado las trayectorias laborales de las mujeres dentro de las universidades públicas— hemos hecho un ejercicio de introspección compartido con la intención de detectar cuestiones nodales y de explorar alternativas viables dentro del contexto actual. (shrink)

Le développement d’un droit de regard des institutions collectives sur les corps gestants et surtout d’une injonction à « se savoir et se faire savoir » enceinte remonte au xvie siècle au moins. Or la reconnaissance d’un état de grossesse et sa datation ont toujours constitué une double incertitude, face à laquelle divers procédés d’observation corporelle ont été mis en œuvre au cours des siècles. L’article aborde cette question dans le temps long (de l’époque moderne à la fin du xxe (...) siècle) en comparant les modalités et les enjeux pratiques de la détection des grossesses dans un certain nombre de situations d’ordre médico-légal : affaires d’infanticide (datant surtout du xixe siècle), lutte contre l’avortement (fin xixe-milieu xxe siècle), dossiers administratifs relatifs au non-versement d’allocations prénatales (1945-1970). Cette histoire de la socialisation de la gestation permet d’identifier les jeux d’expertise, de médiations et de négociations auprès de femmes enceintes se disant non informées de leur propre état et propose une histoire sociale du doute, de la corporéité et de la conscience de soi. (shrink)

This essay argues that despite of the feminist critique of Merleau-Ponty his phenomenology can be positively appropriated to the theory of sexual difference. It focuses on three issues: the first one is closely linked to the Phenomenology of Perception and introduces a concept of "difference as differentiation". The second one is concerned with the intersubjective dimension of sexuality and will be called a "sexual syncretism". Finally, I’m referring to Merleau-Ponty's notion of "chiasm" in his late work The Visible and the (...) Invisible in order to apply it to the theory of sexual difference. At this point, the difference between sexual beings will be conceptualized as "chiasmatic intertwining". In doing so, I hope to show that Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology is a helpful resource for philosophical research that is mainly concerned with the questions of sexuality and sexual difference. (shrink)

Public engagement is one of the fundamental pillars of the European programme for research and innovation _Horizon 2020_. The programme encourages engagement that not only fosters science education and dissemination, but also promotes two-way dialogues between scientists and the public at various stages of research. Establishing such dialogues between different groups of societal actors is seen as crucial in order to attain epistemic as well as social desiderata at the intersection between science and society. However, whether these dialogues can actually (...) help attaining these desiderata is far from obvious. This paper discusses some of the costs, risks, and benefits of dialogical public engagement practices, and proposes a strategy to analyse these argumentative practices based on a three-tiered model of epistemic exchange. As a case study, we discuss the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy, arguably a result of suboptimal public engagement, and show how the proposed model can shed new light on the problem. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se analizan las transformaciones que, a partir del siglo IV, experimentan los obispos cristianos por su estrecha vinculación con el poder imperial: si en un principio Constantino quiso ponerlos a su servicio como estrechos colaboradores en la administración del Imperio, pronto algunos de ellos, con gran personalidad, se sirvieron de los honores y privilegios adquiridos para reclamar una independencia allí donde — a diferencia de lo que sucederá en Constantinopla a partir de Teodosio I— su elección (...) no dependía del emperador. (shrink)

Advances in genetics and related biotechnologies are having a profound effect on sport, raising important ethical questions about the limits and possibilities of the human body. Drawing on real case studies and grounded in rigorous scientific evidence, this book offers an ethical critique of current practices and explores the intersection of genetics, ethics and sport. Written by two of the world's leading authorities on the ethics of biotechnology in sport, the book addresses the philosophical implications of the latest scientific developments (...) and technological data. Distinguishing fact from popular myth and science fiction, it covers key topics such as the genetic basis of sport performance and the role of genetic testing in talent identification and development. Its ten chapters discuss current debates surrounding issues such as the shifting relationship between genetics, sports medicine and sports science, gene enhancement, gene transfer technology, doping and disability sport. The first book to be published on this important subject in more than a decade, this is fascinating reading for anyone with an interest in the ethics of sport, bioethics or sport performance. (shrink)

What are the relevant values to the appraisal of research programs? This question remains hotly debated, as philosophers have recently proposed many lists of values potentially relevant to scientific appraisal. Surprisingly, despite being mentioned in many lists, little attention has been paid to fruitfulness. It is unclear how fruitfulness should be explicated, and whether it has any substantial role in scientific appraisal. In this paper, I argue we should explicate fruitfulness as the capacity to develop of research programs. Moreover, I (...) provide a novel strategy to assess and compare the fruitfulness of programs focused on their research questions and heuristics. To illustrate how this strategy would work, I will discuss a case study, namely the adaptationist program in evolutionary psychology. (shrink)

Puts leading Italian thinkers into conversation with established Continental philosophers concerning the future of the nature of the human, technology, metaphysical foundations, globalization, and social and political oppression.

Exposición realizada por Silvia Hernández, Doctora en Ciencias Sociales, en la segunda ronda del ciclo de conversaciones “Crítica a la Epidemiología Política. Prácticas y racionalidad neoliberales en tiempos de pandemia”, organizado por el equipo editorial de la Revista de Filosofía Otrosiglo, enero 2021. Disponible en Youtube, canal Revista Otrosiglo. _Palabras Clave: _Pandemia – Ideología – Neoliberalismo – Covid19.

Does self-awareness amplify or dampen the intensity of emotional experience? Early research argued that self-awareness makes emotional states salient, resulting in greater emotional intensity. But these studies induced a standard for emotional intensity, confounding the salience of the emotional state with the self-regulation effects of self-awareness. Three experiments suggest high self-awareness can dampen the intensity of emotional experience in the absence of this confound. In Study 1, participants were led to feel sad in the presence or absence of a mirror; (...) a standard for emotionality was or was not induced. High self-awareness amplified sadness when there was a standard for emotionality; it dampened sadness when there was no standard. Additional experiments using a self-novelty writing task (Study 2) and a mirror (Study 3) showed that self-awareness can also dampen positive affect. A fourth study found that trait private self-consciousness did not affect emotional intensity after controlling for the effects of neuroticism. The intersections of self-focused attention and emotional experience are discussed. (shrink)

The article reflects on Law 13.445/2017 - the Migration Law - and Hannah Arendt’s teachings on statelessness. It questions the sufficiency of this law to reduce the number of stateless people and Arendt’s critical contribution to the fragilities imposed on stateless people. It is justified by the urgency of deepening the debate on the need to restore citizenship and protection to stateless people. The aim of the first section is to analyse how the Migration Law contributes to stateless people achieving (...) recognition as citizens in Brazil, by defining statelessness and proposing the simplification of naturalization; the second section outlines Arendt’s criticism of the expedient of statelessness and its existence as a mass phenomenon. The conclusion is that Arendt warns of the urgency of granting citizenship to stateless people by restoring their dignity, without necessarily requiring nationalization, and that the Migration Law has brought in procedures that allow, for the first time, the definition of stateless people and the conditions for granting them citizenship in Brazilian territory, with a qualitative gain in Brazilian legislation on refugees. (shrink)

This paper follows up on two previous contributions in Aristotelica (3 and 5) that focused on the early transmission of Phys. 250b13 as a case study. Here, the discussion broadens to general questions about the scribal hands behind Aristotle’s earliest manuscripts J (ms. Vindobonensis Phil. gr. 100) and E (ms. Parisinus gr. 1853), their roles in textual history, and their connections to the earliest reconstructable archetype. Current scholarship holds that while the sources of J and E overlap for the Metaphysics (...) (labeled Π by Jaeger’s 1957 critical apparatus), they diverge entirely for the other works held by both codices, i.e. Physics, De caelo, De generatione et corruptione, Meteorology. How can this be explained? A major, recent development is Ronconi’s (2012) identification of two distinct tenth-century volumes later combined into ms. E. Each has a main early scribe at work. Thereafter, no attempt has been made to differentiate their approaches to the text. In Aristotelica 5, E’s two early scribes are distinguished and labeled, the one, EMet (responsible for the Metaphysics) the other, EPhys (responsible for the Corpus Physicum). The two exhibit differing approaches. Through closer analysis of their methodologies, it is possible to investigate and eventually to detect what I call a “β agenda” in EPhys’s Corpus Physicum, by analogy with the socalled β manuscripts of the Metaphysics. (shrink)

In Brazil, the health emergency unleashed by the Covid-19 pandemic must be understood in the context of the government administration of the former president, Jair Bolsonaro. The new coronavirus was turned into a war machine, something already seen in other moments of the history of indigenous peoples, when epidemics were strategically used to promote indigenous genocide and usurp their territories. The Sanöma, a subgroup of the Yanomami language family, assert that Covid-19 did not leave individualized traces of ‘sequelae’ but made (...) itself felt in the deaths that could not undergo the traditional funeral rites due to the sanitary measures, generating a cosmological and existential tension for the collective as a whole. It was also felt in the invasion of their lands by thousands of miners who brought violence and malaria to the communities, debilitating their food sovereignty, and in the dismantling of public health services in the indigenous land. Time was suspended, and the infection continued with the accompanying violation of rights, with a divergent understanding of who is recovered or who is healthy. This article is the result of a Covid-19 research project conducted in partnership with the Sanöma leaders. Based on reports from the Sanöma themselves, reports about the Yanomami and the government of former President Bolsonaro, interviews with indigenous leaders in newspapers and reports produced by indigenous organizations and their supporters, a set of information about Covid-19 among indigenous peoples and violations of human rights among the Sanöma people were systematized and analyzed and now make up this article. (shrink)

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit verbalen Prädikaten, die eine körperliche Wahrnehmung oder eine Emotion bezeichnen und in der Forschung als Psychverben bezeichnet werden. Psychverben zeichnen sich gegenüber anderen Verbklassen durch eine hohe Konstruktionsvielfalt aus. Die Arbeit weist die in der Forschung vorherrschende Erklärung der Konstruktionsvielfalt zurück und entwickelt einen neuen Erklärungsansatz. Grundlage sind Sprachdaten aus den fünf typologisch und genetisch unterschiedlichen Sprachen Deutsch, Estnisch, Türkisch, Lasisch und Baskisch.

La personalidad de Cela como creador se encuentra ligada a una creatividad permanente, caracterizada por una superación, diversidad de perspectivas y estilos de escribir, unida a la generación del noventa y ocho, proyectándose en él un sentido de arte para conocer el mundo com parable al pensamiento alemán desde el dolor y vitalismo.

Dal 1992, anno della Conferenza di Rio per la Terra, ad oggi è trascorso un lasso di tempo sufficiente per valutare se e come il principio di responsabilità, nella versione elaborata da Hans Jonas, sia stato attuato a livello normativo in relazione alle questioni ambientali connesse al cambiamento climatico, sia in ambito internazionale che europeo. In particolare, lo studio dell’evoluzione politico-giuridica dello sviluppo sostenibile rappresenta un interessante osservatorio da cui valutare la capacità dell’umanità di non mettere in pericolo le condizioni (...) della sopravvivenza indefinita dell’umanità sulla terra. A muovere da queste considerazioni, l’articolo si propone di analizzare, lungo due direttrici, l’attuazione etico-giuridica del principio di responsabilità formulato da Jonas. La prima direttrice avrà a oggetto alcuni dei principi che hanno costruito la struttura etico-giuridica dello sviluppo sostenibile a livello internazionale ed europeo. La seconda direttrice si concentrerà sulla proposta per una EU Fundamental Charter for the Rights of Nature. L’intento critico e, per certi versi, provocatorio dell’articolo è di riaccendere l’attenzione sugli elementi emergenti dagli spunti riflessivi di Jonas e dalla visione originaria dello sviluppo sostenibile, che possono essere utili a determinare il cambiamento di rotta auspicato decenni fa, ma non ancora portato a compimento. (shrink)

This article aims to make a philosophical contribution to the understanding of the communicative dimensions and functions of faces and facial expressions. First, I will refer to the expressivist and socio-communicative theories of FEs, and to a proposal to unify them under a pragmatic approach based on the theory of speech acts. Subsequently, I will examine the characterization of faces and FEs as social and behavioral affordances, and I will identify their characteristics and communicative functions, especially in “conversational displays”, to (...) justify why they are functionally special. I will then insert facial signals into the framework of a pragmatic perspective on human communication, both verbal and non-verbal, which is broader than speech act theory: a Pragmatics-First Approach to Human Communication. I will argue that it provides an adequate understanding of the pragmatic-interactive foundations of human communication, where Facereading is a central component. Finally, I will refer to the relationship between Facereading and the Second-person Perspective of social cognition. (shrink)

Aunque la presencia de subjetividades negras no es nueva en la literatura latinoamericana, el campo no había adquirido la fuerza ni la recurrencia utópica que ha logrado en los últimos quince años. Esto se articula con el avasallante movimiento socio-político ‘afrodescendiente’ –categoría identitaria consensuada en el año 2000–, que ha creado una retórica desde la antropología, la sociología, el campo jurídico, etc. que también ha permeado el discurso literario. Propongo en este artículo que la racialización positiva y desde debajo, es (...) decir, desde los mismos sectores subalternizados, de los últimos años, ha provocado una retórica estimulante de un “deber ser” afrodescendiente que se reitera a lo largo de la obra, no solo ficcional, sino también de cierto sector de la crítica. Este trabajo intenta problematizar la fuerza con que la retórica de las producciones de identidad afrodescendiente ha ingresado en la crítica literaria hispanoamericana de los últimos años provocando, en algunos casos, lecturas generalizadoras y racializadas que naturalizanla idea de pre-existencia y transhistoricidad de un ‘ser afro’. (shrink)

This paper wishes to problematize the foundations of production governance and offer an analytical perspective on the interrelation between agents’ preferences, strategic choice, and the public sphere . The value is in the idea of preferences being social in nature and in the application both to the internal stakeholders of the organisation and its impacts on people outside. Using the concept of ‘strategic failure’ we suggest that social preferences reflected in deliberative social praxis can reduce false beliefs and increase individual (...) wellbeing. From this approach, the paper offers a taxonomy of production organisations, based on social preferences about two variables: the governance form other strategic decisions that characterize the management of a company at a more operational level, once its fundamental legal form has been chosen. Each dimension is then categorised alongside two basic preferences: towards inclusion or exclusion of ‘publics’ that have no substantial access to decision power about these variables. Our framework explains governance heterogeneity by contrasting exclusive and inclusive social preferences in cooperatives, social enterprises, as well as traditional corporations. A discussion of the evolution of social preferences and organizational forms is addressed through examples and regional experiences. (shrink)