De acordo com a concepção dominante de causação, eventos espácio-temporalmente localizáveis que podem ser designados por termos singulares e descrições definidas são os únicos relata genuínos da relação causal. Isto dá apoio e é apoiado pela dicotomia aceita entre a explicação causal, concebida como uma relação intensional entre fatos ou verdades, e a relação natural e extensional da causação. O ensaio questiona este modo de ver e argumenta pela legitimidade da noção de causação por fatos: os relata de muitas relações (...) expressas pelo conector sentencial ‘(O fato) C causa (o fato) E’ podem ser causas e efeitos genuínos (I). Esta visão expandida da causação é então aplicada ao problema da causação mental. Assumindo a verdade do realizacionismo físico, o ensaio explora a conexão entre eficácia causal e relevância contrafactual de propriedades. Mostra-se que, pelo menos em muitos casos, as ligações contrafactuais corretas, requeridas pela causação, podem ser encontradas somente no nível dos fatos realizados, não no nível mais básico dos fatos realizadores (II). Finalmente, dadas as similaridades entre a defesa do fisicismo não-reducionista esboçada aqui e as tentativas menos modestas de justificação científica das pretensões do materialismo metafísico, justamente criticadas por van Fraassen como manifestações da ‘falsa consciência’, considera-se se e como a argumento principal do ensaio pode evitar o juízo crítico de van Fraassen (III). (shrink)

Summary After having given an account of the current methodological debates about psychology I discuss Ryle's arguments which play an important role in this debate. Following Jerry Fodor's formulation of the cognitive psychology's programme I assess critically his claims from a Wittgensteinian perspective. Contrary to the interpretation of some Wittgensteinians it turns out that this programme contains a justifiable core.

Logical omniscience states that the knowledge set of ordinary rational agents is closed for its logical consequences. Although epistemic logicians in general judge this principle unrealistic, there is no consensus on how it should be restrained. The challenge is conceptual: we must find adequate criteria for separating obvious logical consequences from non-obvious ones. Non-classical game-theoretic semantics has been employed in this discussion with relative success. On the one hand, with urn semantics [15], an expressive fragment of classical game semantics that (...) weakens the dependence relations between quantifiers occurring in a formula, we can formalize, for a broad array of examples, epistemic scenarios in which an individual ignores the validity of some first-order sentence. On the other hand, urn semantics offers a disproportionate restriction of logical omniscience. Therefore, an improvement of this system is needed to obtain a better solution of the problem. In this paper, I argue that our linguistic competence in using quantifiers requires a sort of basic hypothetical logical knowledge that can be formulated as follows: when inquiring after the truth-value of ∀xφ, an individual might be unaware of all substitutional instances this sentence accepts, but at least she must know that, if an element a is given, then ∀xφ holds only if φ is true. This thesis accepts game-theoretic formalization in terms of a refinement of urn semantics. I maintain that the system so obtained affords an improved solution of the logical omniscience problem. To do this, I characterize first-order theoremhood in US+. As a consequence of this result, we will see that the ideal reasoner depicted by US+ only knows the validity of first-order formulas whose Herbrand witnesses can be trivially found, a fact that provides strong evidence that our refinement of urn semantics captures a relevant sense of logical obviousness. (shrink)

A RELEVÂNCIA DO PRÉVIO ESGOTAMENTO DAS INSTÂNCIAS DESPORTIVAS E AS SANÇÕES AO SEU DESCUMPRIMENTO.

In this article, I review the new book by C. D. Novaes, The Dialogical Roots of Deduction: Historical, Cognitive, and Philosophical Perspectives on Reasoning. I reconstruct the main themes and arguments presented in the work and critically assess its results.

Resumo : O artigo examina as contribuições do pensamento social de Maurice Blondel para a promoção de uma paz duradoura entre as nações. A partir da crítica blondeliana dos totalitarismos e dos regimes liberais, elencamos certas características da ação humana histórica e concreta, individual e social, que fundamentam uma concepção social e política favorável à pluralidade das culturas e à colaboração entre os povos. Como critério crítico e forma normal de promover a busca imanente do bem, da verdade e da (...) justiça, defende-se a transcendência real do espírito humano. Finalmente, elencamse alguns princípios normativos que deveriam compor toda formação e educação pessoal e social apta a promover a paz e o sentimento de humanidade. Palavras-chave: Ação. Totalitarismo. Liberalismo. Pluralidade. Unidade. Imanência. Transcendência. Paz.: This article examines the contributions of the social thought of Maurice Blondel for the promotion of a lasting peace among nations. Drawing from the Blondelian criticism of totalitarian systems and of liberal regimes, we list certain characteristics of historic and concrete human action, both individual and social. Those features frame a social and political view which is favorable to the plurality of cultures and fosters collaboration among peoples. The article argues that the real transcendence of the human spirit is the critical criterion and the normal path to promote the immanent search of good, truth and justice. Finally, we list some normative principles that should inform all formation programs, and personal and social ducation as well, in order for them to be apt to promote peace and a sense of common humanity. Keywords : Action. Totalitarian system.Liberalism. Plurality. Unity. Immanence.Transcendence. Peace. (shrink)

Commentary on Michael S. Brady’s book, Emotion: The Basics, indicating that it offers an overview of the field of philosophy of emotions while raising awareness about the intrinsic complexity of the issues in emotion research. This makes it possible to show how emotion research is inevitably tied to specific philosophical assumptions. Three illustrations are discussed that hopefully also testify that, as Brady states, the philosophy of emotion is inevitably tied to the question of what it means to do philosophy.

Die Kritik des späten Wittgenstein am logizistischen Programm zur Begründung der Mathematik, vor allem im Blick auf die Definition der Zahl als Klasse von Klassen, und die darauf gegründete Explikation des Sinnes arithmetischer Sätze wird systematisch rekonstruiert. Entgegen einer verbreiteten Auffassung zeigen die Analysen Wittgensteins, daß Frege und Russell den Zahlbegriff nicht auf den „grundlegenderen" Begriff der eineindeutigen Zuordnung „reduzieren". Entsprechend sind Zahlen nicht mehr als durch Abstraktion erreichbare, echte Eigenschaften von Klassen zu verstehen, sondern als Formen oder Möglicfikeiten, die (...) die Beschreibung der Erfahrungswelt a priori bestimmen. Femer wird die wesentliche Selbständigkeit mathematischer Techniken gegenüber Techniken der Logistik durch einige Betrachtungen deutlich, welche die für den Fall größerer Zahlen unvermeidbare Benutzung vertrauter Bündelungssysteme, etwa der Dezimalnotation, bei Beweisen im Russellschen System zum Thema haben. (shrink)

Procuraremos neste artigo revisitar a compreensão do filósofo escocês, David Hume acerca da noção de causalidade, partindo dos textos Investigação acerca do Entendimento Humano, Tratado da Natureza Humana, e os Diálogos sobre a religião natural. Em seguida se apresenta uma exposição e análise do que Karl Popper denomina “problema de Hume” e a metodologia da falseabilidade de teorias científicas por ele proposta em Conhecimento Objetivo, Conjecturas e Refutações, Lógica da Pesquisa Científica.

This paper follows a Deweyan suggestion and proposes a structure for emotional activity – pattern of sentiment –as a way to grasp emotional experience in its live occurrence by building upon Dewey’s crucial notion of situation. The first part outlines Dewey’s criticisms of James’s idea of emotion, and verifies the ways in which the recent developments of neuroscience overcome Dewey’s criticisms of James. Given that Dewey’s work is a propitious ground for continuing to renew the discourse about the activities of (...) mind (Mendonça 2003), the second part of the paper outlines a pattern for emotional activity, setting up the first steps for a situational approach of Deweyan inspiration to the nature of emotion. I conclude by pointing out how such a pattern may be a unifying tool for the different emotion theories briefly describing some of the rich directions it provides for future research on philosophy of emotion. (shrink)

O que se pretende neste artigo é mostrar antes de tudo que revoluçáo galilena é fruto de uma mudança de mentalidade, de visáo de mundo, decorrente da própria crise por que passava o paradigma aristotélico . Um bom exemplo desta mudança e das dificuldades de livrar-se dos quadros tradicionais do pensamento filosofico é o matematismo(universo de precisáo) e a crença galileana em orbitas circulares, respectivamente. Com efeito, como poderá Galileu ser um dos fundadores da fisica moderna, se esta é fundamentada (...) no principio de inércia e na preponderancia da reta em relaçáo ao circulo? A resposta é a presentada a partir da analise do racíonio de Galileu no tocante a ideia de movimento. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta a trajetória de Friedrich Nietzsche e coloca em relevo seu sofrimento como marca de uma concepção de educação que diz respeito à crítica de si. A experiência do sofrimento parece indicar a experiência do além do homem , da mesma forma que é por meio da vontade de potência que as contradições da vida podem ser revaloradas. Então, pensar Nietzsche e a educação reivindica a análise da dimensão individual, dado que este pensador viveu além de seu tempo (...) e, por esta razão, sua concepção de educação é, igualmente, intempestiva. Se é possível empreender a crítica de si como tarefa educacional, talvez possamos argumentar, com Nietzsche, que a vida é vontade de potência e nada além disto. (shrink)

Is an ethical leader an oxymoron? Society demands and expects greater accountability from organizational leaders. The literature on leadership, especially business leadership, has neglected ethical issues by focusing only on those approaches and strategies that emphasize self-centred, individualistic concerns. How ever, true and effective leadership is one in which the leader's behaviour and the exercise of the leadership influence process are consistent with ethical and moral values. The authors argue that our understanding of leadership is incomplete, if not deformed, if (...) it does not include the three critical dimensions of ethical leadership. (shrink)

This paper proposes that being able to feel self-pity is important to be resilient against injustices because it enables self-transformation. The suggestion for this reassessment of self-pity as a crucial self-conscious emotion for a more humanistic world aims to be an example of how philosophical reflection can be insightful for emotion research. The first part of the paper outlines a general introduction of philosophy of emotions and a description of how Hume’s analysis of pride changed its meaning and pertinently linked (...) it to human agency. The second part of the paper is devoted to self-pity and aims to offer a modified interpretation of its experience, ultimately suggesting that it is a way to cultivate resistance and endure injustices in the world. It begins by putting forward the generally accepted take on self-pity and then suggests that dismissing self-pity may increase its duration, and ultimately work as a type of denial of the world’s injustices. After describing how self-pity can be seen as a tour de force where the self is in a relationship of pity with itself, it further elaborates how self-pity may be taken as a type of calibration similar to how sleep works for the functioning organism. This makes it possible to interpret self-pity as a way to resiliently resist injustices while not dismissing them and keeping up the struggle to make the world a better place. Finally, the concluding remarks point out some consequences for the education of emotions and possible future research directions to be explored. Analogously to the undeniable way by which Hume changed the meaning of the emotion of pride, the conclusion hopes that a new way to understand self-pity is available. The overall goal is to amplify the already existing psychological descriptions showing the complementary role of philosophical research for the development of emotion research in general. (shrink)

1024x768 Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE O presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir sobre o diálogo necessário entre comunidade e escola para o projeto da Educação Integral. Parte-se inicialmente da noção da jornada ampliada e a proposta da formação do sujeito, nas suas dimensões afetivas, social, política e cultural. Formação esta que transcende a sala de aula e ocupa o território, os saberes comunitários e as diversas instâncias sociais. E nas entrelinhas reflete-se de fato que ambas, (...) comunidade e escola, estão preparadas para este desafio.  . (shrink)

resumo Parte de um percurso em que tratamos de expor a estrutura filosófica L’Être et lê Néant , o presente estudo procura mostrar que essa obra é o ponto fundamental de transição onde se dá, no pensamento sartriano, a metamorfose de uma teoria do tempo como destino trágico numa teoria do tempo como “salvação”. Completa-se, aqui, o processo de radicalização de Heidegger efetivado por Sartre: do pessimismo próprio do Dasein, que caminha impotente e solitário para a morte, passamos ao otimismo (...) resultante da “descoberta” de uma temporalidade que “cura”. Na tentativa de compreender o sentido e a função dessa nova figura da temporalidade, desmontamos o mecanismo do curto-circuito especulativo que inverte, em EN, o sinal do “Tempo do Mundo” heideggeriano. Tal desmontagem levou-nos a surpreender o fio filosófico do livro entrelaçado numa trama históricoliterária. Ao examinar os termos desse reencontro da elaboração filosófica com a matéria viva da história, circunscrevendo uma zona em que estruturas díspares se interpenetram, terminamos por identificar o “conteúdo de experiência” cifrado no movimento especulativo dos conceitos desse que é considerado o mais “abstrato” tratado de Metafísica dos Tempos Modernos. Pretendendo apenas descrever as estruturas universais da realidade humana , Sartre dá com o cerne de uma conjuntura histórica precisa: não a matéria bruta, é claro, mas sua reconstrução política e literária, talhada nos moldes da Resistência e transposta para a forma filosófica de EN. palavras-chave Sartre – tempo – metafísica – política – literature. (shrink)

Reasonableness is a core normative concept in Philosophy for Children (P4C), an inquiry model of education that bridges reasoning, feeling and acting within a community. The concept of reasonableness dates back to Aristotle’s ethical notion of phronesis (1141b), and extends to logical (Gewirth 1983), social and political concerns of major contemporary thinkers (Rawls 2001; Rorty 2001). The development of the concept of reasonableness in P4C was part of the reconceptualization of rationality toward the end of the twentieth century, since Lipman (...) and Sharp were among those thinkers who elucidated and advocated the social conception of rationality offered by the pragmatists. Accordingly, in P4C the conception of reasonableness was highlighted as a cornerstone for the understanding of the notion of a community of inquiry (Splitter & Sharp 1995:6; Lipman 2003:22). (shrink)

The article explores how a new dimension of emotion – depth – is crucially important for a better understanding of emotion and its connection to rationality. It begins by identifying that depth is trapped in a circularity in which deep emotions are important because they refer to deep and important aspects of people’s lives. Following Danto’s discussion of deep interpretation (1981), it suggests that it is the contrast between deep and superficial that grants emotional perspective and the ability to identify (...) levels of emotional depth. After arguing that the emotional perspective is grasped by the narrative structure of emotion, it raises several objections that provide the ground to establish a difference between deep and profound. Then the paper concludes that the meaning of emotional depth is only fully understood in the ongoing contrast with the superficial described before, and states how further research on depth of emotion may provide the key to understanding the ambivalent status of emotions regarding their link to rationality. (shrink)

The paper proposes a way to understand moral emotions in ethics building upon Bernard Williams' claim that feelings, emotions and sentiments are an integral part of rationality. Based upon Bernard Williams' analysis of shame we argue that the richness and thickness that it is attached to some emotions is the key to understand why some emotions have a distinct ethical resonance. The first part takes up Bernard Williams' philosophical assessment of the concept of shame establishing a general framework to show (...) how recent developments in philosophy of emotions are in line with the far-reaching consequences of Bernard Williams' insights. Then we highlight the way in which there is both an historical relativity to emotions and an intemporal understanding of their ethical role, and use the concept of meta-emotion to reinforce the idea that what makes some emotions moral requires employing Williams' distinction between thick and thin concepts. (shrink)

The paper aims to better identify the relationship between moods and emotions showing their link to the overall environment. Adopting a Situated Approach to Emotions, 209–227, 2012; Stephan Emotion Review, 4, 157–162, 2012; Stephen et al. Philosophical Psychology, 27, 65–81 2014) enables showing that the link to emotions to the environment is best understood using the term situation, while moods’ link to the environment is best captured by the notion of context. Exploring the difference points out that what is selected (...) as the situation versus the context in a given environment may explain the relationship between emotions and moods, and clarify why, for instance, certain emotions can alter a mood while others do not. The paper begins putting forward the general take on emotions from a Situated Approach to Emotions in line with contemporary discussions of the Situated Approach to Mind. Then, following John Dewey’s conception of situation, the paper distinguishes situation from context, and reviews the hypothesis of equating them with emotions and moods respectively. The analysis is then connected to previous research done on the difference between emotions and moods and, given the insightful outcomes of connecting moods and emotions to other theoretical aspects of the mind, it shows how the link to the environment is a crucial trait to understand emotions and moods dynamics. (shrink)

A introdução da filosofia do direito na educação busca ampliar a compreensão dos alunos sobre os fundamentos teóricos, éticos e políticos do direito. Ela visa desenvolver habilidades de pensamento crítico e promover uma consciência cívica e ética em relação ao sistema jurídico e seu papel na sociedade. Os instrumentos essenciais do estudo filosófico são assuntos muito frequentes e indispensáveis, como; o sentido da aparição humana, como a origem e exício, a alegria e tristeza, o certo e o errado, a felicidade (...) e a dor, o amor, a capacidade, entre outros, que iluminam a relação entre todas as pessoas na sociedade aprendizagem e coexistência. Ao adotar essas abordagens, as instituições de ensino têm a oportunidade de enriquecer a experiência educacional, estimulando o desenvolvimento de competências críticas, a habilidade para resolver desafios complexos e a capacidade de tomar decisões éticas. Portanto esse estudo tem como objetivo articular sobre a compreensão dos fundamentos teóricos, desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico, reflexão ética e moral e consciência dos direitos e responsabilidades na educação de maneira comum. (shrink)

The chapter shows how the recognition of reflexivity of emotions is crucial for understanding the role of emotions in reasoning because it highlights the regulatory role of emotion in emotional experience. The chapter begins by showing that to attain a conception of rationality that incorporates feelings, emotions, and sentiments as parts of the reasoning processes requires capturing the emotional landscape in all its complexity, and that integrating the role of meta-emotions is a contribution in that direction. Then introducing the notion (...) of meta-emotions and showing how emotional reflexivity modifies the nature of our emotional world, it is shown how emotions also have a regulatory mechanism that can either be maladaptive or at the center of emotional health. In addition, because meta-emotions provide a test for the more general assumptions of theories of emotions, the chapter ends by showing how adopting a Situated Approach to Emotions is well-suited for explaining the refinement and complexity of emotion regulation. The final reflection of the chapter explains why adopting such theoretical frame of work makes it possible to use the term situation in a technical manner, which then reveals that emotions sometimes are described as causes while other times as reasons in connection to their regulative mechanisms. (shrink)

This article examined the personal profiles of the Heads of Government of countries in South/North America and how they communicated with their audiences on institutional measures to contain COVID-19. Analyses were carried out on data collected from Twitter from November-2019 to November-2020. This study includes: i)quantitative analysis, measuring categories and emphases in the communication of tweets, retweets, likes, and comments on matters relevant to the pandemic; ii)qualitative analysis that allowed evaluating speeches to identify political interference and the effectiveness of communication (...) at critical moments of the pandemic. It was possible to infer that each president has his singularities and understanding about Social Media’s use as a more direct communication tool with his audience. It was also found that successful communication is not directly proportional to the volume of messages on Twitter, but to socio-political aspects and institutional leadership that can make a difference in Social Media in combating COVID-19. (shrink)

Short historical and cultural sketch of France’s decisive years during the Second World War, between occupation and resistance, re f racted by the prism of the Sartrean figure of the engagé intellectual, which was born out of this conjuncture of sharp political crisis. This sketch, however, is extracted out of my analysis of the int e r nal organization of what seems to be, at first sig ht, Sartre’s most d i s e ng a ged work, one that was (...) cons e c rated by tradition as a cons t e l l a t ion of ideas shining on the sky of ‘pure’ philosophy – ‘Being and Nothingness’. (shrink)

Como se colocou a questão do tempo no período das origens cristãs? De que forma as primeiras comunidades apreenderam e traduziram os acontecimentos relativos a Jesus através de uma modelação própria da temporalidade? E em que medida, a própria configuração narrativa que a experiência cristã assumiu, determinou uma refiguração da realidade temporal?A fórmula "a plenitude do tempo" (peplerotai o kairòs) surge-nos pela primeira vez no Evangelho de Marcos, um dos escritos primordiais do cristianismo primitivo. Olhando para a direcção que nos (...) aponta o recurso verbal, temos um tempo onde o cumprimento começou, é verdade, mas que prossegue, pois os seus efeitos e repercussões prolongam-se no futuro. A reflexão que a fórmula de Marcos introduz é bem mais interessante que a linear proclamação de uma escatologia final. É preciso compreender não apenas que o tempo se prolongou até o presente, mas sobretudo que um momento privilegiado, um kairòs, acaba de ser atingido pela emergência messiânica. (shrink)

O texto identifica alguns traços dominantes da produção filosófica de Fernando Gil. Apresenta a questão da inteligibilidade como a temática que confere unidade a toda a obra, desdobrada depois em múltiplos temas de reflexão, todos eles centrados na busca de uma “arqueologia da razão”. Em resultado deste inquérito, pensado como o trajecto que conduz à identificação de uma “proto-epistemologia”, a obra de Fernando Gil situa-se no mapa da epistemologia contemporânea como uma tentativa de superar os dualismos redutores da modernidade, através (...) da apresentação do que designou como “realismo da interpretação”. Destaca, por último, alguns aspectos marcantes do seu estilo, na medida em que têm consequências tanto na forma de conceber o exercício da actividade filosófica quanto nos seus resultados. (shrink)

L'auteur distingue, dans les.travaux sur l'intelligence artifi- cielle, deux approches : l'approche technologique et l'approche cognitiviste. Il montre que les rapprochements faits, dans l'approche cognitiviste, entre l'intelligence humaine et l'intelligence artificielle, ne vont pas de soi, et que les thèses sur l'intelligence artificielle sont largement tributaires de certaines spéculations rationalistes et empi- ristes de la philosophie classique. Il expose la principale difficulté que rencontre alors une compréhension de l'intelligence humaine à partir de l'approche cognitiviste, à savoir la nécessité d'oblitérer la (...) dimension sémantique et de professer un solipsisme radical, et il plaide en faveur d'une compréhension de l'intelligence humaine selon ce qu'elle est dans la culture plutôt que dans les machines.In the literature on artificial intelligence, the author distinguishes two approaches : the technological approach and the cognitivist approach. He shows that the parallels made between human intelligence and artificial intelligence within the cognitivist approach do not go without saying, and that the theses on artificial intelligence are largely dependent upon certain rationalist and empiricist speculations of classical philosophy. He exposes the principal problem that then encounters an understanding of human intelligence in the light of the cognitivist approach, namely the necessity to obliterate the semantic dimension and to profess a radical solipsism, and he pleads for an understanding of human intelligence commensurable with what it is in culture rather than in machines. (shrink)

RESUMO Analisar linhas delimitadoras de um certo desenvolvimento tecnológico é uma tarefa já empreendida por diversos autores. Este é um tipo de abordagem que se inspira em parte em ação semelhante empreendida em relação à ciência. Neste artigo pretendemos apresentar algumas linhas, a que chamamos tendências, que marcam as tecnologias móveis, como celulares, smartphones ou tablets. Estudamos alguns artefactos e funcionalidades que, não sendo exclusivos deste tipo de dispositivo, marcam direções e hegemonias. Para o efeito, desenvolvemos uma análise sociotécnica que (...) se centra em uma observação e utilização desse tipo de tecnologia. O resultado é uma tipologia que mostra cinco tendências: realismo; continuidade técnico-corporal; prioridade ao contexto; velocidade; e compatibilidade/multifuncionalidade. Essas diferentes formulações sociotécnicas permitem compreender como essas materialidades inscrevem-se no espaço social, ao mesmo tempo que exibem projetos que emergem de intenções sociais. O proliferar das tecnologias móveis faz com que a compreensão dessas dinâmicas seja de enorme relevância para questionarmos o futuro tecnológico que se instala. ABSTRACT The delimitation of defining lines of certain technological development is something that several authors already established. This kind of approach is inspired in similar task applied to science. In this work it is intended to present some lines, that we call tendencies, which mark mobile technologies development, like mobile phones, smartphones or tablets. This work makes an analysis of some artifacts and its features, which make some directions and hegemonic dominations, although they are not exclusive of these technologies. It is applied a sociotechnical analysis based on observation and on the use of this kind of technologies. The output is the identification of five tendencies: realism; techno-body continuity; priority to context; velocity; and compatibility/multi-functionality. This different sociotechnical forms allow the understanding of how these materialities are inscribed in social space, and how some projects are a result of social intentions. The proliferation of mobile technologies shows by itself the relevance of this approach in order to question technological future. (shrink)