Dubljević and company’s proposed approach for incorporating a socio-political perspective into neuroethics has clear potential to help mitigate the effects of research ‘hype’ relating to neuroethics. Their approach serves as a social regulation meant to improve the realizability of neuroethics research. Drawing on Dubljević et al. s suggestion, we consider how incorporating a socio-political perspective in other scientific disciplines could help the scientific community as a whole move beyond the infamous ‘reproducibility crisis’ in science. The reproducibility crisis is a concern (...) in science stemming from the revelation that most scientific results are difficult, or impossible, to replicate (Frias-Navarro et al., 2020). By applying the four principles proposed by Dubljević et al., the scientific community can avoid many of the pitfalls that have led to the reproducibility crisis, such as the file drawer effect, a publication bias preventing negative results from being published, or the publish-or-perish culture - the pressure for scientists to publish highly influential papers in high impact journals in order to keep their funding (Rosenthal, 1979; Begley & Ioannidis, 2015). As such, we argue that, in its final form, this socio-political framework begs for true open science, wherein systematically sharing data would enable enlightened policymaking by showing a picture closer to the ground-level realities of scientific research. (shrink)

Jean-Christophe Anderson Cet article interroge la présence, dans la Critique de la raison pure, d’une « clause anthropologique » redoublant le procès de la raison. À partir de la critique formulée par Husserl, selon laquelle Kant se montrerait coupable, en dépit de ses percées transcendantales, d’une forme de relativisme anthropologique, il s’agit plus précisément de clarifier la fonction limitative de l’incise « pour nous hommes » qui ponctue le texte de la première Critique. En dépit des apparences qui (...) ont pu mener Husserl à soutenir que Kant cherche à expliquer par cette clause la validité universelle des jugements synthétiques a priori, mais se trouve par le fait même à limiter cette validité, il est possible de soutenir que l’humanité de notre pouvoir de connaître n’est jamais présupposée par Kant et constitue en réalité une découverte de la raison à son propre sujet. (shrink)

The Marx-Bakunin Conflict in the First International : A Confrontation of Political Practices. The conflict between Marx and Bakunin within the First International was more than a merely political opposition. It was in fact a conflict about the very status of the political. Accused of being apolitical, Bakunin replied by declaring his anti-statist stance, while at the same time misinterpreting the Marxian political project. The position he defended within the International prefigured the anarcho-syndicalist subsumption of the political within syndicalism. In (...) return, the opposition helped to clarify the Marxian conception of worker organisations. Finally, the conflict would enable Bakunin to identify the dangers of bureaucratisation to which such organisations are prone, while Marx, for his part, sought to conceive of a type of political action which was specific to the proletariat. The conflict thus enables us to characterise Marx and Bakunin as two types of militant engagement. (shrink)

English summary: Within the span of a single century (from the mid-15th to the mid-16th centuries), the Greek language, which was well on its way to oblivion, became the focus of one of the most heated debates of the Renaissance period. Greek was accused by what was then a Catholic and Latin Europe of being a vehicle for ancient paganism, Byzantine schism, and even Lutheran heresy. The Council of Trent, which deemed that Roman authority was being undermined by the Vulgate's (...) philological criticism, went so far as to confirm the obvious collusion that existed between Greek and heresy. In fact, behind such accusations can be discerned the power struggles that were taking place between ecclesiastical, academic and political factions. Analysis of such confrontations and of the difficulties that Humanists had in circumventing them, infers that, despite its ultimate success, Greek literature remained suspect in Europe throughout the Counter-Reformation. In this very meticulous study, based on previously unpublished texts, of what was at stake in this anti-Greek movement (a resistance actually based on free, progressive and critical thought), the author combines the thoroughness of an historian with a mine of true anecdotes about the moral standards of that era : the censure practices, legal disputes, self-serving denouncements, etc. That, indeed, were the most evident driving forces behind the intellectual and power struggles. French description: Le grec, disparu d'Europe depuis les Grandes Invasions, fit un retour spectaculaire au XVe siecle. Mais l'enthousiasme des humanistes pour la langue d'Homere a fait oublier la violence des resistances que lui opposerent les maitres scolastiques. Lorsque Erasme osa contester la Vulgate latine au nom de la verite grecque (1516), le scandale eclata publiquement et Luther en prit argument pour contester l'autorite de Rome, si bien que les hellenistes furent accuses de faire le jeu de la Reforme. Le statut du grec se vit etroitement lie a celui de l'hebreu, l'autre langue sacree rivale du latin (l'Affaire Reuchlin). Pour extirper le mal a sa racine, le concile de Trente decida finalement d'imposer la legitimite du latin biblique (1545) et d'interdire l'acces aux sources grecques et hebraiques, puis de mettre a l'index les principaux hellenistes et leurs imprimeurs. Les etudes grecques allaient en rester durablement affaiblies dans l'Europe de la Contre-Reforme. En faisant revivre les oeuvres et les hommes qui en furent les acteurs, et en devoilant ses veritables enjeux, ce livre retrace les deux siecles de cette bataille du grec, restee un point aveugle dans l'histoire de la culture occidentale. Jean-Christophe Saladin est docteur en Histoire. (shrink)

Basing on one criticism of the narrative statement by has subject - actor, Jean-Christophe Royoux sees the singularity of the aesthetic work of Pierre Huyghe in new modality of the story where there is only one anti-actor who calls to spectators-free-time workers and produces by copy out a multiplicity of possible interpretations. Free time workers in the centres of the conflict of modern subjectivity have to invent one response in the question « How to live in the public (...) space today ? (shrink)

Lelarge de Lignac occupe une place singulière dans l’abondante littérature anti-matérialiste du xviii e siècle. Combattre efficacement le matérialisme impose de réconcilier métaphysique et expérience. L’analyse du « sens intime de notre existence » offre une base phénoménale pour une nouvelle élaboration des principaux concepts de la métaphysique (substance, cause, contingence et nécessité, etc.). Un tel sens intime reste cependant aveugle au phénomène du corps. Lignac lui adjoint donc un sentiment de coexistence, susceptible de faire droit au phénomène particulier du (...) corps vécu. La stratégie anti-matérialiste met au cœur de son dispositif cette singularité phénoménologique d’un corps propre et en quelque sorte immatériel, objet d’une expérience irréductible à celle des corps physiques. (shrink)

This paper uses multilevel modelling and Demographic and Health Survey data from five African countries to investigate the relative contributions of compositional and contextual effects of socioeconomic status and place of residence in perpetuating differences in the prevalence of malnutrition among children in Africa. It finds that community clustering of childhood malnutrition is accounted for by contextual effects over and above likely compositional effects, that urban–rural differentials are mainly explained by the socioeconomic status of communities and households, that childhood malnutrition (...) occurs more frequently among children from poorer households and/or poorer communities and that living in deprived communities has an independent effect in some instances. This study also reveals that socioeconomic inequalities in childhood malnutrition are more pronounced in urban centres than in rural areas. (shrink)

Little consensus exists about the effectiveness of transnational private governance in domains such as labor, the environment, or human rights. The paper builds on recent scholarship on labor standards to emphasize the role of labor agency in transnational private governance. It argues that the relationship between transnational private regulatory initiatives and labor agency depends on three competences: first, the ability of workers’ organizations to gain access to processes of employment regulation, implementation, and monitoring; second, their ability to insist on the (...) inclusion of employers and state agencies within such processes; and third, the ability of workers to effectively exercise leverage in pursuit of particular goals. The paper develops a framework, called hybrid production regime, for examining how workers’ capacity to act at the local level depends on how these three collective competences are addressed in the institutionalization of capital–labor relations between the transnational and national levels. (shrink)

Cette dimension d’immensité est la première qui me vient à l’esprit, dès lors qu’il est question d’aborder la nature. Nature est un mot qui avait presque disparu, de l’université en tout cas. À partir de lectures hâtives, de Foucault notamment, on en était arrivé à ne plus voir dans la nature que l’illusion voire le fantasme d’une originarité perdue. Or cela, je ne l’ai jamais pensé, je ne l’ai jamais cru, j’ai toujours pensé, au contraire, qu’avec phusis et bios, nous (...) avions un infini de la... (shrink)

Assurant que « nous voyons toutes choses en Dieu », autrement dit par des idées universelles et infinies, la philosophie de Malebranche se doit d'affronter le problème de la connaissance des choses singulières, seules véritablement existantes. Après avoir montré que sa pensée échoue à fonder un authentique principe d'individuation physique des corps, nous tentons de mettre en évidence une difficulté identique à théoriser une véritable connaissance des êtres matériels. Ce déplacement de la question nous semble légitime dans la mesure où (...) les choses étendues ne sont accessibles qu'à partir de l'étendue intelligible et des sentiments qu'elle produit. Par là, nous souhaitons manifester l'inaptitude, peut-être irrémédiable, d'une métaphysique fondée sur la représentation à se saisir pleinement des singularités. Malebranche tells us that we see everything in Gods infinit and universal Ideas. In so doing, Malebranche seems unable to describe real knowledge of material singularities; more, it's quite difficult to discover a true principle of individuation in the physical treatment of matter. After all, the metaphysical background of the representative knowledge makes improbable a correct description, a philosophical experience of singularities. (shrink)

The complexity and the variability of parameters occurring in ecological dynamical systems imply a large number of equations.Different methods, more or less successful, have been described to reduce this number of equations. For instance, in the paper of Auger and Roussarie (1993), the authors describe how to obtain a reduction by considering different time-scales. They consider a system which can be sub-divided into sub-systems such that the strengths of the intra-sub-systems interactions are much larger than those of the inter-sub-systems interactions. (...) Using the Central Manifold Theorem, they obtain on the slow-manifold, a perturbation of the external dynamics by the internal dynamics. (shrink)

Poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation is an immediate DNA‐damage‐dependent post‐translational modification of histones and other nuclear proteins that contributes to the survival of injured proliferating cells. Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARPs) now constitute a large family of 18 proteins, encoded by different genes and displaying a conserved catalytic domain in which PARP‐1 (113 kDa), the founding member, and PARP‐2 (62 kDa) are so far the sole enzymes whose catalytic activity has been shown to be immediately stimulated by DNA strand breaks. A large repertoire of sequences encoding (...) novel PARPs now extends considerably the field of poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation reactions to various aspects of the cell biology including cell proliferation and cell death. Some of these new members interact with each other, share common partners and common subcellular localizations suggesting possible fine tuning in the regulation of this post‐translational modification of proteins. This review summarizes our present knowledge of this emerging superfamily, which might ultimately improve pharmacological strategies to enhance both antitumor efficacy and the treatment of a number of inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. A provisional nomenclature is proposed. BioEssays 26:882–893, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Ce texte témoigne de questions et enjeux partagés avec D. Malaquais pendant la création de l’exposition Kinshasa Chroniques (2018-2021) : comment s’inscrire dans le contexte impérial d’un musée, peut-on le déconstruire de l’intérieur? Existe-t-il des échappatoires? Et au-delà, quels possibles pour une pratique de scénographe et d’artiste en lien avec le monde multiple et crépusculaire dans lequel nous vivons.

The Animal Side is a manifesto on the importance of animals for human thought. It attempts to characterize the importance, for human beings, of the fact that animals exist. Adopting a philosophical and poetic approach, the book seeks to show that animals' ways of inhabiting the earth are, for human consciousness, an expansion and an exploration of what philosophers and poets have tried to name by speaking of the Open. Beginning with the story of an encounter with a deer on (...) a road at night, the book proceeds by showing that, beyond the diversity of animal life and the ways animals differ from human beings, there is a "layer of the perceptible" on which we all draw, humans and animals alike, in our own ways. At present, however, this layer itself is at risk. Thus the book can also be read as a defense and illustration of animals' modes of being, and as a plea for their survival. (shrink)

Si elles ne sont pas d'un philosophe, les œuvres de Fénelon ne témoignent pas moins d'une réelle préoccupation pour les questions relatives à l'origine et la nature de la connaissance. Cette étude tente d'établir que, loin de s'en tenir à une simple répétition de positions strictement augustiniennes, l'archevêque de Cambrai reprend très largement des thèmes et des solutions malebranchistes sur un certain nombre de points cruciaux, comme la conception de l'idée et de sa vision en Dieu ainsi que la définition (...) du principe d'individuation. Nous tentons ensuite de confirmer cette hypothèse en montrant que la noétique fénelonienne dépend très largement de sa conception de la causalité, et que celle-ci, sur le fond d'une négation de toute interaction réelle entre les étants finis, s'inscrit dans la constellation de l'occasionnalisme, peut-être mieux représenté qu'on ne le croit à la fin du XVIIe siècle. Although he did not describe himself as a philosopher, Fénelon's works nevertheless do show a true concern for questions relating to the origin and nature of knowledge. This paper argues that far from just simply repeating classical Augustinian doctrines, Fénelon actually took over from Malebranche several solutions to crucial problems of seventeenth century meta-physics, such as the définition ofthe idea and its vision in God and the définition oftheprin-ciple of individuation. The paper then attempts at confirming that hypothesis by showing that the Fenelonian theory of knowledge strongly dépends upon his conception ofcausality. Based on a négation ofanyform ofreal interaction between fïnite beings, his theory ofcausality is imbedded in the constellation of occasionalism, a tradition that therefore appears as much more widespread at the end ofthe seventeenth century than it is usually acknowledged. (shrink)

Ce compte rendu a déjà paru dans E-rea [En ligne], n° 6.1, 2008. F. Gaillet-de-Chezelles, Wordsworth et la marche : parcours poétique et esthétique, Grenoble, Ellug, 2007, 423 p. Spécialiste de la période romantique, et de William Wordsworth en particulier, Florence Gaillet-de-Chazelles a développé dans Wordsworth et la marche : parcours poétique et esthétique une approche critique qui s'inscrit très bien dans celle de la collection « Esthétique et représentation : monde anglophone », - Recensions.

La fameuse « Préface-annexe » de La Religieuse reprend le texte de la « confession » que, dix ans plus tôt, Grimm avait publié dans son périodique pour confesser son rôle dans la mystification qui avait été jouée au marquis de Croismare. La « reprise » de Diderot accompagne la résurrection du roman que Grimm avait enterré, sans se soucier des affirmations contradictoires qui en résultent. La polygraphie de Diderot est polyphonie ; elle participe de la représentation des pouvoirs de (...) l’écriture, que conquiert Suzanne, l’héroïne du roman. (shrink)

As part of a research project, sponsored by the French Ministry of Health, comparing the role and function of French hospital ethics committees as compared to those in the United States, I was intrigued by differences that emerged. Particularly, why should it be that professional ethicists, such prominent figures in America, have no counterpart in France?

English summary: Appearing late in metaphysics, existence became one of the unavoidable major points of philosophy. This volume traces the philosophical history of existence; born in late Antiquity to singularize the being of Christ, developed in the Middle Ages to understand the being of a created world, existence became in the Enlightenment the being of Man. French description: A la difference de nombreux concepts herites d'Aristote, l'existence fait en metaphysique une entree aussi discrete que tardive, avant de devenir un theme (...) a ce point majeur qu'aucune philosophie n'a pu s'en dispenser, en depit d'un paradoxe constitutif : l'existence n'est-elle pas l'autre absolu de la pensee? Pourquoi l'existence s'est-elle constamment maintenue, au-dela du questionnement metaphysique qui fut son horizon medieval, jusqu'a constituer un des concepts fondamentaux de toute anthropologie? Pour repondre, une histoire de l'existence dans la longue duree s'imposait, qui entreprenne d'en relever les mutations principales : nee dans l'Antiquite tardive pour singulariser l'etre du Christ, developpee au Moyen Age pour apprehender l'etre du monde cree, l'existence qualifie, aux temps des Lumieres, l'etre de l'homme. Le premier volet de cette histoire complexe analyse l'emergence de l'existence aux cotes de l'etre, puis en concurrence avec lui. Il retrace le lent processus medieval de son incorporation a la philosophie, de Marius Victorinus a la scolastique moderne : existe ce qui se pose a partir de son origine, puis hors de sa cause. Ainsi l'existence fut-elle premierement exposee. (shrink)

It is time to challenge the issue of pleasure associated with the core of medical practice. Its importance is made clear through its opposite: unhappiness—something which affects doctors in a rather worrying way. The paper aims to provide a discussion on pleasure on reliable grounds. Plato’s conception of techne is a convenient model that offers insights into the unique practice of medicine, which embraces in a single purposive action several heterogeneous dimensions. In Aristotle’s Ethics, pleasure appears to play a central (...) role for action’s assessment and intensification. Pleasure is also tightly associated with the Kantian faculty of reflective judgment, which operates at the heart of clinical reasoning. Indeed, practicing medicine means to deal with the particular and the manifold, requiring clinical judgment, but also relying on embodied habitus . With Bourdieu’s notion of habitus , pleasure is the mark of a happy practice, which presupposes a deep involvement in one’s field. Throughout our inquiry, the question of pleasure comes to offer a critical reappraisal of real medical practice and leads to consider ethics more as a component of techne than as a separate realm of concern. (shrink)

Contrariamente à visão tradicional de Kant como um puro retributivista, as interpretações recentes da teoria kantiana da pena propõem uma teoria mista da retribuição e prevenção geral. Embora ambos elementos sejam literalmente corretos, tentarei mostrar os limites de cada um deles. Sustentarei que a teoria kantiana da pena não é consistente com seu próprio conceito de lei. Proponho, então, uma outra justificação para a pena: especial e reabilitação. A crítica kantiana do utilitarismo não afeta essa alternativa, que tem, outrossim, apoio (...) em Kant e é totalmente consistente com sua própria concepção de lei. (shrink)

This paper advocates the main ideas of the interactive model of representation of Mark Bickhard and the assimilation/accommodation framework of Jean Piaget, through a rhythm recognition demonstration program. Although completely unsupervised, the program progressively learns to recognize more and more complex rhythms struck on the user's keyboard. It does so without any recording of the input flow, and without any pattern matching in the usual sense. On the contrary, internal processes are dynamically constructed to follow and anticipate the user's (...) actions. We show that these processes are representations of the rhythms in the interactivist sense, and that they emerge from non representational grounds, avoiding the symbol‐grounding problem. They are not copies or transductions of reality, but ideal internal constructions of the agent, avoiding the circularity pointed out by Piaget. In practice, the active nature of this recognition process allows it to work even with noisy and complex input flows. (shrink)

It has become a truism that the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) is necessary and must help guide technological developments. Numerous ethical guidelines have emerged from academia, industry, government and civil society in recent years. While they provide a basis for discussion on appropriate regulation of AI, it is not always clear how these ethical guidelines were developed, and by whom. Using content analysis, we surveyed a sample of the major documents (_n_ = 47) and analyzed the accessible information regarding (...) their methodology and stakeholder engagement. Surprisingly, only 38% report some form of stakeholder engagement (with 9% involving citizens) and most do not report their methodology for developing normative insights (15%). Our results show that documents with stakeholder engagement develop more comprehensive ethical guidance with greater applicability, and that the private sector is least likely to engage stakeholders. We argue that the current trend for enunciating AI ethical guidance not only poses widely discussed challenges of applicability in practice, but also of transparent development (as it rather behaves as a black box) and of active engagement of diversified, independent and trustworthy stakeholders. While most of these documents consider people and the common good as central to their telos, engagement with the general public is significantly lacking. As AI ethics moves from the initial race for enunciating general principles to more sustainable, inclusive and practical guidance, stakeholder engagement and citizen involvement will need to be embedded into the framing of ethical and societal expectations towards this technology. (shrink)