A presente pesquisa visou a explorar brevemente as relações entre as obras do jovem Michelangelo e a influência teórica do platonismo e neoplatonismo que se disseminaram em Florença durante a época de Lorenzo, o Magnífico. Para empreender o projeto com clareza, dividiu-se a abordagem em quatro momentos, sendo eles: i) uma introdução geral; ii) o cenário Florentino e a filosofia platônica; iii) a filosofia platônica, seus principais pontos e a recuperação de seus conceitos pelos humanistas renascentistas; e iv) a influência (...) platônica sobre o jovem Michelangelo. Assim, buscou-se, sem pretensões de esgotar o tema, demonstrar em que medida as formas artísticas de Michelangelo e suas concepções filosóficas estão profundamente interligadas.Palavras-chave: Platão. Neoplatonismo. Arte. Michelangelo. Humanismo. (shrink)

O riso foi um objeto de interesse de pensadores da Grécia antiga, mesmo que a eles dedicassem alguns escassos parágrafos, Platão não foge à isso. Em seu diálogo Filebo, entre 48a - 50a, encontram-se a mais antiga teoria sobre o riso preservada até os dias de hoje. Nesta, Platão define o riso como parte integrante dos prazeres mistos, chamando atenção para o acento profundamente moral que concede à questão do riso humano. Dentro da perspectiva do artigo, buscou-se esclarecer o contexto (...) e a importância do riso na Grécia, para em seguida analisar as passagens de Platão. (shrink)

Thomas Fuchs, Ecology of the Brain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, 336 pp.

En este trabajo ofrecemos la traducción del latín al español del Liber de convenientia fidei et intellectus in obiecto de Ramón Llull, con introducción y notas. Se trata de una obra en la que el filósofo mallorquín efectúa una síntesis de su pensamiento en torno de las relaciones entre fe y razón, así como de su posición respecto de la defensa de la fe católica y la conversión de los no cristianos. El opúsculo, que se muestra como un trabajo definitivo (...) en cuanto al establecimiento de la relación mencionada, hecha mano de los elementos fundamentales de su sistema, el Ars magna, pero aun así es una rara avis dentro de la opus luliana: está pleno de citas bíblicas y alusiones a las auctoritates eclesiásticas más renombradas, unas y otras ausentes en la mayoría de las obras lulianas. In this paper we offer the translation from Latin to Spanish of Ramón Llull´s Liber de convenientia fidei et intellectus in obiecto with introduction and notes. This is a work where the mallorcan philosopher makes a synthetic framework of his thinking on the relationship between faith and reason, as well as of his position towards the defense of catholic faith and conversion of non-christian people. The text, which is shown as a definitive work in the setting of this relationship, uses the most characteristic principles of his system, Ars magna, but still is a rara avis inside the opus lulliana: is full of biblical quotations and allusions to the most renowned ecclesiastical auctoritates, all these absents in most lullian woks. (shrink)

En esta nota crítica (i) se hace una breve descripción de cada uno de los artículos que componen Orayen: de la forma lógica al significado, (ii) se señalan algunas cuestiones que no están claras en ellos o en las réplicas de Orayen y, (iii) en la medida de lo posible, se indica si los autores desarrollan ulteriormente los problemas abordados en sus artículos. The aim of this critical note is threefold: (i) it briefly describes and comments on each of (...) the articles of Orayen: de la forma lógica al significado; (ii) identifies some issues that may not be clear enough or not fully developed whether in the articles or even in Orayen's replies; (iii) as far as possible, it refers to further studies made by the authors themselves on the same, or quite related, subjects addressed by them in their papers. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza la obra de dos beguinas del s. XIII pertenecientes a la denominada teología vernácula. Se propone caracterizar las obras de Matilde de Magdeburgo,La luz que fluye de la divinidad, y de Margarita Porete, El espejo de las almas simples, a fin de determinar las notas más distintivas de las autoras. En ambos trabajos el amor es central, a la vez que está íntimamente vinculado con el conocimiento. Aun así, la lectura de los textos y su detenido examen (...) permite proponer que la obra de Matilde está principalmente relacionada con la literatura del amor cortés mientras que la de Margarita, a la vez que incluye estos elementos, está más enraizada en la mística de la nada, que será luego ampliamente conocida en la tradición por el trabajo de Meister Eckhart. Por esta razón, el lugar otorgado a los sentidos y la corporalidad adquiere mayor relevancia en la obra de Matilde, mientras que en Margarita la experiencia amorosa unitiva es puramente espiritual. Estos matices en las caracterizaciones de la unión con la divinidad deben ser leídos en su contexto histórico, dado que durante el s. XIII y el siguiente se desarrolló una polémica sobre el carácter afectivo o intelectual de la unión mística. Estas diferentes maneras de entender el amor que encontramos en los trabajos de estas autoras medievales representan otro modo de abordar la idea y la función del eros, que desde Platón en adelante ha sido uno de los temas centrales de la reflexión filosófica. (shrink)

Trata-se de uma tradução inédita para do texto "For Marielle: Mulhere(s) da Maré, Danger, Seeds and Tides", da intelectual, artista e ativista política Geri Augusto. Seu texto, que foi originalmente publicado na Revista Transition (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/776980/summary), realiza uma exegese de pontos específicos da dissertação de mestrado de Marielle Franco e procura mostrar ali o desenvolvimento de uma filosofia política interessada pela questão do conflito entre os espaços público e privado e pela questão do direito à cidade. A tradução conta com um (...) aparelho de notas, introdução e foi revisada pela autora, que também contribuiu com referências bibliográficas adicionais aos leitores lusófonos. (shrink)

El centro histórico de San Miguel de Tucumán está conformado por el área fundacional (1685) y el área del ensanche (1872). En total reúne 252 manzanas que concentran la mayor cantidad de las expresiones del patrimonio arquitectónico y urbano local y, a la manera de un palimpsesto, aún se leen las huellas de la cuadrícula fundacional, las intervenciones urbanas decimonónicas y la impronta de las construcciones del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX, se manifiestan notas (...) de la modernidad que produjeron profundas tensiones. En un ambiente pluritemporal, la coexistencia del centro histórico con el área central encuentra una condición paradojal, la permanencia y el cambio, en un escenario de tensión como en la mayoría de sus pares latinoamericanas. Se define entonces un cuadro de situación compartido que nos habilita a reflexionar sobre la complejización del abordaje patrimonial en la actualidad. En la década de 1990, desde el Instituto de Historia (FAU, UNT) se realiza una significativa contribución que aporta entre otras ideas, bases técnico-legales para la protección del patrimonio. Los resultados obtenidos han marcado el pulso del patrimonio en la ciudad y, aún pasados más de 20 años, su impronta se mantiene. Sobre la base de esta construcción metodológica y normativa, se realiza un estudio en profundidad desde la perspectiva histórico-patrimonial. Se analizan los trazos de estas ideas-acciones en la evolución de la ciudad y se recuperan y amplían diferentes nociones que nos permiten interpretar los conflictos y las oportunidades que acompañan a los procesos de cambio y transformación sucedidos, exponiendo sus tensiones y divergencias, así como los mecanismos que se activan para su salvaguarda. (shrink)

En este artículo, se presenta parte de los resultados de un estudio sobre los posteos publicados por los diarios argentinos Clarín y La Nación en sus respectivas cuentas oficiales en Facebook, durante el período 2010-2015. A partir del examen de dos corpus —uno construido por una colección finita de materiales seleccionadas ad hoc y otro que comprende el universo total de los posteos—, esta investigación supone el ensayo de una manera complementaria de abordar el estudio de la configuración discursiva de (...) las publicaciones que los diarios realizan en sus fanpages, articulada con un proceso de minería de datos que recién se encuentra en su etapa inicial. La estrategia metodológica combina las labores artesanales propias del análisis sociosemiótico —que tradicionalmente suelen aplicarse a paquetes discursivos de menor tamaño— con el empleo de herramientas digitales y métodos computacionales que permiten la recopilación, el pre-procesamiento, el procesamiento y la visualización de cantidades masivas de datos y de metadatos que son, al menos inicialmente, no estructurados, y que pueden ser tanto textuales como no textuales.Se atiende aquí, específicamente, a la indagación sobre el tipo de contenido difundido y la frecuencia de publicación de las fanpages mencionadas, considerando, entre otros aspectos: los tipos de posteos más habituales, los comportamientos de publicación en relación con diferentes franjas horarias, la localización geográfica de la información, los géneros periodísticos empleados, los soportes utilizados, las temáticas de referencia, la temporalidad de los acontecimientos presentados en las notas, así como las interacciones que las publicaciones obtienen. Todos estos son hallazgos mediante los cuales se pretende avanzar en el examen de la configuración discursiva que los medios emplean en la plataforma conectiva a nivel global con mayor impacto, en la actualidad, en el tráfico web de información. (shrink)

Laura Malosetti Costa. Retratos públicos. Pintura y fotografía en la construcción de imágenes heroicas en América Latina desde el siglo XIX. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2022, 326 páginas. Georges Gusdorf. El Advenimiento del yo, prefacio, traducción y notas de Pablo Pavesi. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila editores, 2022, 94 páginas.

Nota bibliográfica sobre APEL, K.-O. : Paradigmas de filosofía primera, Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros y otras obras: APEL, K.-O. : Racionalidad crítica comunicativa, Edición de Juan A. Nicolás y Laura Molina-Molina, Granada: Comares. APEL, K.-O. : Transzendentale Reflexion und Geschichte, Herausgegeben und mit einem Nachwort von Smail Rapic, Berlin: Suhrkamp. MICHELINI, D.; De Zan, J.; Damiani, A., Ética, política y discurso. Contribuciones desde América Latina, Río Cuarto: Ediciones del ICALA. MOLINA-MOLINA, L. : Lenguaje y corporalidad en la filosofía (...) de K.-O. Apel. Hacia una integración de la antropología del conocimiento y la pragmática trascendental, Granada: Comares. (shrink)

How can we know we are not dreaming? In this essay, I tackle this and related questions from a transcendental standpoint, by building a philosophical narrative centred upon three “giants”: Descartes, Kant, and Putnam. From each, I take some ideas and discard others, to develop a historically informed, yet original, transcendental approach to dream skepticism. I argue that dreams can be distinguished from objective cognitions, since they do not regularly fulfil the transcendental conditions of such cognitions, e.g. the conditions of (...) linguistic reference. Indeed, drawing on some insights by G. E. Moore and Wittgenstein, I further argue that the formulations of dream skepticism prove nonsensical: they cannot be linguistically understood. However, reflection on these skeptical formulations may lead us to a clear aesthetic understanding of the transcendental conditions of sense, as well as of the meaning of philosophically problematic words like “dream,” “perception,” and “reality.”. (shrink)

Si sente spesso parlare di due diversi Wittgenstein, corrispondenti ai due capolavori del filosofo austriaco: il Tractatus e le Ricerche. Il presente saggio mette in questione tale netta distinzione – e qualsiasi altra – mostrando come il pensiero di Wittgenstein sia in una costante e graduale transizione. La tesi principale è che soffermarsi retrospettivamente sulla fluidità di questa transizione, esaminandone i passaggi fondamentali, può essere più illuminante che isolare assunti teorici utili a “contare i Wittgenstein”. In particolare, dopo una discussione (...) di alcune idee del Tractatus, l’articolo si soffermerà sulla transizione dai concetti di proposizione elementare e sintassi logica a quelli di sistema proposizionale e grammatica, mostrando come, attraverso un costante ripensamento del concetto di forma, Wittgenstein giunga a identificare il significato delle parole col loro uso effettivo nei nostri giochi linguistici. (shrink)

Data documenting poor understanding among research participants and real-time efforts to assess comprehension in large-scale studies are focusing new attention on informed consent comprehension. Within the context of biobanking consent, we previously convened a multidisciplinary panel to reach consensus about what information must be understood for a prospective participant’s consent to be considered valid. Subsequently, we presented them with data from another study showing that many U.S. adults would fail to comprehend the information the panel had deemed essential. When asked (...) to evaluate the importance of the information again, panelists’ opinions shifted dramatically in the direction of requiring that less information be understood. Follow-up interviews indicated significant uncertainty about defining a threshold of understanding and what should happen when prospective participants are unable to grasp key information. These findings have important implications for urgently needed discussion of whether... (shrink)

In this thesis, I compare Kant and Wittgenstein’s critical philosophies with respect to Transcendental Idealism, as a doctrine meant to “prove” the possibility of Metaphysics. My Central Question is: Is the early Wittgenstein a transcendental idealist? In virtue of a distinction between Transcendentalism and Transcendental Idealism, I answer “No”, by arguing that the early Wittgenstein is a transcendental philosopher, but not a transcendental idealist of any kind. In particular, I distinguish two variants of Transcendental Idealism, namely an effable variant, which (...) Kant endorsed, and an ineffable variant, often ascribed to Wittgenstein. And I argue that Wittgenstein cannot commit to either variant. This raises questions as to what kind of transcendental philosopher Wittgenstein is, if not an idealist one, and how his stance may bear on Metaphysics. I answer both questions by the end of the work. -/- The dissertation’s core is structured into two parallel Parts, one on Kant (PartK) and one on Wittgenstein (PartW). Each Part is composed of 3 Chapters. In PartK, I give a general account of -/- (1K) Transcendental Philosophy—based on Kant’s one, but less restrictive than his; (2K) Effable Transcendental Idealism—by expounding Kant’s doctrine; (3K) Ineffable Transcendental Idealism—inspired by Kant, but not strictly Kantian. -/- In PartW, I argue that -/- (1W) the early Wittgenstein is a transcendental philosopher; (2W) the early Wittgenstein is not an effable transcendental idealist; (3W) the early Wittgenstein is not an ineffable transcendental idealist. -/- By the final Chapter of the work, I argue that -/- (7) the early Wittgenstein is a transcendental quietest, -/- namely, someone who accepts that there are transcendental conditions of cognition, while refraining from commitment over their metaphysical nature and status. However, Wittgenstein’s (ineffable) version of Transcendental Quietism is extreme, as it turns the whole of Metaphysics into mere nonsense. I will thus conclude the work by sketching a moderate (effable) version, whereby Transcendental Metaphysics is possible, but while we should engage with it, we should not engage in it. (shrink)

Recent work at the junction of epistemology and political theory focuses on the notion of epistemic injustice, the injustice of being wronged as a knower. Miranda Fricker (2007) identifies two kinds of epistemic injustice. I focus here on hermeneutical injustice in an attempt to identify a difficulty for Fricker's account. In particular, I consider the significance of background social conditions and suggest that an epistemic injustice should not rely on other forms of disadvantage to achieve its status as an injustice. (...) Thus reformulated, the notion of epistemic injustice can help us to achieve an even deeper understanding of the relationship between knowledge and privilege. (shrink)

European Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.

Sexual self-determination is considered a fundamental human right by most of us living in Western societies. While we must abide by laws regarding consent and coercion, in general we expect to be able to engage in sexual behaviour whenever, and with whomever, we choose. For older people with dementia living in residential aged care facilities (RACFs), however, the issue becomes more complex. Staff often struggle to balance residents' rights with their duty of care, and negative attitudes towards older people's sexuality (...) can lead to residents' sexual expression being overlooked, ignored, or even discouraged. In particular, questions as to whether residents with dementia are able to consent to sexual activity or physically intimate relationships pose a challenge to RACF staff, and current legislation does little to assist them. This paper will address these issues, and will argue that, while every effort should be made to ensure that no resident comes to harm, RACFs must respect the rights of residents with dementia to make decisions about their sexuality, intimacy and physical relationships. (shrink)

This paper examines faculty perceptions regarding ethical behavior among colleagues and students, and faculty practices with regard to teaching ethics in three institutions over a 4-year period. Faculty reported an uneven pattern of unethical behavior among colleagues over the period. A majority of business courses included ethics, however as both a specific topic on the syllabus and within course discussions. The percentage of courses with ethics discussions increased in 2006, however, the time allocated to these discussions decreased. These results suggest (...) that faculty are approaching ethics instruction less formally, raising concerns over the success of curriculum integration. (shrink)

Brain–Computer Interface research is an interdisciplinary area of study within Neural Engineering. Recent interest in end-user perspectives has led to an intersection with user-centered design. The goal of user-centered design is to reduce the translational gap between researchers and potential end users. However, while qualitative studies have been conducted with end users of BCI technology, little is known about individual BCI researchers’ experience with and attitudes towards UCD. Given the scientific, financial, and ethical imperatives of UCD, we sought to gain (...) a better understanding of practical and principled considerations for researchers who engage with end users. We conducted a qualitative interview case study with neural engineering researchers at a center dedicated to the creation of BCIs. Our analysis generated five themes common across interviews. The thematic analysis shows that participants identify multiple beneficiaries of their work, including other researchers, clinicians working with devices, device end users, and families and caregivers of device users. Participants value experience with device end users, and personal experience is the most meaningful type of interaction. They welcome end-user input, but are skeptical of limited focus groups and case studies. They also recognize a tension between creating sophisticated devices and developing technology that will meet user needs. Finally, interviewees espouse functional, assistive goals for their technology, but describe uncertainty in what degree of function is “good enough” for individual end users. Based on these results, we offer preliminary recommendations for conducting future UCD studies in BCI and neural engineering. (shrink)

How can we think or say what is not? If we equate what-is-not with nothing, then a thought of nothing is no thought at all; if we don’t, we are condemned to admit that what-is-not is, seemingly incurring self-refutation. In this paper, I address this paradox through the lenses of Parmenides, Plato, Russell, and the early Wittgenstein.

Background Intensivists must provide enough analgesia and sedation to ensure dying patients receive good palliative care. However, if it is perceived that too much is given, they risk prosecution for committing euthanasia. The goal of this study is to develop consensus guidelines on analgesia and sedation in dying intensive care unit patients that help distinguish palliative care from euthanasia. Methods Using the Delphi technique, panelists rated levels of agreement with statements describing how analgesics and sedatives should be given to dying (...) ICU patients and how palliative care should be distinguished from euthanasia. Participants were drawn from 3 panels: 1) Canadian Academic Adult Intensive Care Fellowship program directors and Intensive Care division chiefs (N = 9); 2) Deputy chief provincial coroners (N = 5); 3) Validation panel of Intensivists attending the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group meeting (N = 12). Results After three Delphi rounds, consensus was achieved on 16 statements encompassing the role of palliative care in the intensive care unit, the management of pain and suffering, current areas of controversy, and ways of improving palliative care in the ICU. Conclusion Consensus guidelines were developed to guide the administration of analgesics and sedatives to dying ICU patients and to help distinguish palliative care from euthanasia. (shrink)

In this essay, I argue that Wittgenstein attempted to clarify ethics through a procedure that, by analogy with “transcendental arguments”, I call “transcendental thought experiment”. Specifically, after offering a brief perspectival account of both transcendental arguments and transcendental thought experiments, I focus on a thought experiment proposed by Wittgenstein in his 1929 'Lecture on Ethics', arguing that it deserves the title of “transcendental”.

Working in the weakening of constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in which the subset collection scheme is omitted, we show that the binary refinement principle implies all the instances of the exponentiation axiom in which the basis is a discrete set. In particular binary refinement implies that the class of detachable subsets of a set form a set. Binary refinement was originally extracted from the fullness axiom, an equivalent of subset collection, as a principle that was sufficient to prove that the (...) Dedekind reals form a set. Here we show that the Cauchy reals also form a set. More generally, binary refinement ensures that one remains in the realm of sets when one starts from discrete sets and one applies the operations of exponentiation and binary product a finite number of times. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether moral violations involving harm selectively elicit anger, whereas purity violations selectively elicit disgust, as predicted by the Moral Foundations Theory. We analysed participants’ spontaneous facial expressions as they listened to scenarios depicting moral violations of harm and purity. As predicted by MFT, anger reactions were elicited more frequently by harmful than by impure actions. However, violations of purity elicited more smiling reactions and expressions of anger than of disgust. This effect was found both in a classic set (...) of scenarios and in a new set in which the different kinds of violations were matched on weirdness. Overall, these findings are at odds with predictions derived from MFT and provide support for “monist” accounts that posit harm at the basis of all moral violations. However, we found that smiles were differentially linked to purity violations, which leaves open the possibility of distinct moral modules. (shrink)

We surveyed IRB chairs' perspectives on offering individual genetic research results to participants and families, including family members of deceased participants, and the IRB's role in addressing these issues. Given a particular hypothetical scenario, respondents favored offering results to participants but not family members, giving choices at the time of initial consent, and honoring elicited choices. They felt IRBs should have authority regarding the process issues, but a more limited role in medical and scientific issues.

David Papineau develops a new argument against representationalism, centering on the idea that sensory experiences are essentially representational on this view. He defends his own “qualitative view” according to which sensory experiences are only contingently representational. I discuss his main argument against essentialist representationalism and then provide two challenges for his positive account. First, Papineau's theory faces a dilemma when it comes to explaining the contents of our perceptual beliefs in situations where the conscious character of sensory experience comes apart (...) from what it represents. Second, we may need to abandon the idea that sensory experiences are assessable for veridicality. (shrink)

In his Letter on the Blind, Denis Diderot describes, based on mathematical physics, a method for evaluating hypotheses in situations where certainty cannot be reached. This article's thesis is that the author of the Letter extends this method to metaphysical questions of finalism and idealism. Diderot presents each pair of antagonistic positions (finalism-antifinalism and idealism-realism) in such a way that readers are invited to carefully weigh the arguments and to choose the one that appears to be the best, or most (...) probable, position. (shrink)

Externalist representationalists claim that the phenomenal character of a visual perceptual experience is determined by the representational content of that experience. Their deployment of the idea that perceptual experience is transparent shows that they account for representational content with reference to the properties which are represented – the properties out there in the world. I explain why this commits the externalist representationalist to objectivism and realism about colour properties. Colour physicalism has proved to be the position of choice for externalist (...) representationalists. However, my aim in this paper is to demonstrate that the proponent of the view which combines externalist representationalism with colour physicalism is unable to account for the phenomenal character of colour hallucination. (shrink)

Maya Sabatello and coauthors, in “Structural Racism in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” have called our attention to how preexisting systemic racism in the United States has produced exactly the racial disp...