C’est avant tout comme théologien que Paul est lu par les Pères grecs. La réception des épîtres dans les premiers siècles montre comment les premiers lecteurs de Paul hiérarchisaient eux-mêmes les textes et leurs données, même s’il n’y a pas consensus, d’autant plus que les lectures d’une même épître peuvent diverger. Cependant l’émergence est encore timide au milieu du IIe siècle, ce qui ne peut que valoriser le « tournant irénéen », Irénée étant le premier à présenter une (...) réception globale du corpus paulinien. Puis s’impose Origène et d’abord avec son attention à l’ensemble de l’Ecriture, en raison aussi de ses commentaires des épîtres de Paul, en particulier de l’épître aux Romains. Avec lui, le corpus paulinien est, - et sera de plus en plus après lui -, la source par excellence de la dogmatique chrétienne. Reste la question de savoir si cette manière dogmatique de comprendre la pensée de Paul ne l’a pas déformée en même temps qu’elle la mettait au premier plan.The Greek Fathers read Paul above all as a theologian. The reception of the epistles in the first centuries shows how Paul’s first readers themselves graded the texts and their themes, even if there was not a consensus, given that the readers of the same epistle could differ. The emergence, nevertheless, was still timid in the middle of the second century, which could only valorize the “Irenaean bent,” since Irenaeus was the first to present a global reception of the Pauline corpus. Then Origin imposed himself, first by paying attention to the whole of Scripture, and also because of his commentaries on Paul’s epistles, in particular the epistle to the Romans. With him, the Pauline corpus is -- and will be more and more after him -- the source par excellence of Christian dogma. The question remains as to whether this dogmatic manner of understanding the thought of Paul did not deform it at the same time that it put it in the forefront. (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz argumentiere ich für die These, dass alle Dokumentarfilme darauf abzielen, uns Erkenntnis über einen Aspekt der Realität zu vermitteln. Dieser These zufolge sind Dokumentarfilme – im Unterschied zu anderen Filmgattungen – der Wirklichkeit verpflichtet. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollen in diesem Aufsatz zwei Aspekte genauer untersucht werden: zum einen, wie der kognitive Wert von Dokumentarfilmen genauer zu verstehen ist, und zum anderen, inwiefern ausgehend von diesem epistemischen Aspekt Unterscheidungskriterien zwischen Dokumentarfilmen und anderen Filmgattungen entwickelt werden können. Der Aufsatz (...) gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil werde ich die Frage untersuchen, inwiefern Dokumentarfilme „Dokumente“ der Realität sind. Dabei werde ich verschiedene Interpretationen des epistemischen Ziels von Dokumentarfilmen besprechen und auch die „Vergegenwärtigungsansicht“ als Ergänzung zu der „assertorischen Ansicht“ (Plantinga, Carroll und Currie) und zu der „Verstehensansicht“ (Dromm) anbieten. Im zweiten Teil sollen die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen Dokumentarfilmen und Spielfilmen besprochen werden, um genauere Unterscheidungskriterien zu entwickeln. Ich werde hierfür den phänomenologischen Begriff der Imagination (Sartre, Meunier) einführen und seine Produktivität für die Debatte über den kognitiven Wert von Dokumentarfilmen aufzeigen. (shrink)

Model organisms became an indispensable part of experimental systems in molecular developmental and cell biology, constructed to investigate physiological and pathological processes. They are thought to play a crucial role for the elucidation of gene function, complementing the sequencing of the genomes of humans and other organisms. Accordingly, historians and philosophers paid considerable attention to various issues concerning this aspect of experimental biology. With respect to the representational features of model organisms, that is, their status as models, the main focus (...) was on generalization of phenomena investigated in such experimental systems. Model organisms have been said to be models for other organisms or a higher taxon. This, however, presupposes a representation of the phenomenon in question. I will argue that prior to generalization, model organisms allow researchers to built generative material models of phenomena – structures, processes or the mechanisms that explain them – through their integration in experimental set-ups that carve out the phenomena from the whole organism and thus represent them. I will use the history of zebrafish biology to show how model organism systems, from around 1970 on, were developed to construct material models of molecular mechanisms explaining developmental or physiological processes. (shrink)

The history of twentieth-century life sciences is not exactly a new topic. However, in view of the increasingly rapid development of the life sciences themselves over the past decades, some of the well-established narratives are worth revisiting. Taking stock of where we stand on these issues was the aim of a conference in 2015, entitled “Perspectives for the History of Life Sciences”. The papers in this topical collection are based on work presented and discussed at and around this meeting. Just (...) as the conference, the collection aims at exploring fields in the history of life sciences that appear understudied, sources that have been overlooked, and novel ways of engaging with this material. The papers convened in this collection may not be representative of the field as a whole; but we feel that they do indicate some elements that have received emphasis in recent years, and may become more central in the years to come, such as the history of previously neglected contexts and domains of the life sciences, the question of continuity and change on the level of practices, the history of complexity and diversity in twentieth-century life sciences and the reconsideration of the relationship between history and philosophy of life sciences. (shrink)

For the first time this volume makes Jean-Pierre Meunier's influential thoughts on the film experience available for an English-speaking readership. Introduced and commented by specialists in film studies and philosophy, Meunier's intricate phenomenological descriptions of the spectator's engagement with fiction films, documentaries and home movies can reach the wide audience they have deserved ever since their publication in French in 1969.

How should we make choices when we know so little about our futures? L. A. Paul argues that we must view life decisions as choices to make discoveries about the nature of experience. Her account of transformative experience holds that part of the value of living authentically is to experience our lives and preferences in whatever ways they evolve.

Socially responsible investments (SRI) suffer from a lack of investments from individual investors, despite their positive attitudes toward SRI. This attitude–behavior gap is a serious issue, as SRI is often perceived as a way to promote sustainable development. We investigate nudges, especially the default option, as a way to encourage SRI. In a pre-registered study conducted in October 2021 with 1050 US investors, we pit four nudges against one another to encourage individual investors to invest in SRI. All nudges significantly (...) increased investment in SRI compared with the control group. Making SRI the default option with frictions to opt-out is the most efficient intervention. This is closely followed by a default option without friction to opt out and option partitioning, which are not significantly different from each other. Precommitment, although statistically significant, has a modest effect on investment in SRI and is inferior to the other nudges. Overall, the two types of default as well as option partitioning are significant and impactful solutions for increasing investment in SRI. (shrink)

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 3, Page 373-383, September 2022.

Dans une société où l’enfant peut être pris dans la confusion identitaire comme support d’affirmation des adultes, qu’il s’agisse de la mère ou du père, un meilleur accompagnement de la prise de place de l’homme dans l’univers de la petite enfance constitue une garantie pour l’avenir. Le fait que le père prenne sa place aux côtés du tout-petit permettra au garçon devenu adulte de ne pas chercher éternellement la mère derrière la femme et à la petite fille de ne pas (...) chercher systématiquement le père derrière l’homme. Les éternels clivages issus de la domination entre les sexes pourront alors aussi commencer à se fissurer. (shrink)

À partir d’une analyse des diverses conceptions de l’éducation dans les contextes historiques et culturels du Niger, de la Réunion et de l’Amazonie brésilienne, nous allons nous focaliser sur leur interaction, et notamment sur la capacité du système scolaire à s’ouvrir à d’autres formes d’éducation, comme les savoirs et savoir-faire traditionnels. L’exemple du Niger montre comment un système qui ignore la diversité et refuse une dialectique des formes de connaissance conduit à l’échec scolaire et au rejet de l’école par une (...) partie importante de la population. À la Réunion, si l’école coranique s’ouvre à la diversité, ce n’est pas le cas de la forme scolaire qui continue à rejeter et à exclure les élèves qui lui sont socialement et culturellement éloignés. Dans l’Amazonie brésilienne, nous constatons que c’est par la reconnaissance de la diversité culturelle et le métissage des différentes formes de savoir à l’intérieur de l’école qu’il est possible de favoriser la réussite scolaire et le désir d’école.Drawing on an analysis of the various approaches to education in the historical and cultural contexts of Niger, Reunion Island and the Brazilian Amazonia, we’ll focus our attention on their interaction, and more particularly on the ability of the school system to open up to other forms of education, such as traditional knowledge and know-how. Through the Niger case, we will see how a system which disregards diversity and refuses dialectical forms of knowledge leads to school failure and rejection of school by a major part of the population. In Reunion Island, while Koranic schools are going along with diversity, current educational policies do not, and continue to reject and exclude pupils with a different social and cultural background. The Brazilian Amazonia case will show that the acceptance of cultural diversity and the intermixing of various forms of knowledge within the school can lead to school success and to the desire to learn. (shrink)

Même si le concept d'idéologie remonte dans ses premiers emplois à Destutt de Tracy, il est sans contredit un concept pour lequel le marxisme réclame un privilège. C'est à Karl Marx que l'on reconnaît le rôle d'instigateur de cette problématique.L'interprétation classique du concept d'idéologie oriente cette problématique vers l'aspect de détermination sociale des idées telle la sociologie de la connaissance qui l'identifie à des problèmes de fausse conscience, d'illusions, de justifications, etc. Que l'on se réfère à Lukacs, à Mannheim et (...) encore récemment à Althusser, le problème de l'idéologie se pose en termes de conscience, de représentation déterminée par des conditions socio-économiques. (shrink)

Today, computers are found in all sciences. Philosophy is no exception. We see the birth of a computer philosophy and a computational, an experimental, and a digital philosophy, etc. What relationship can there be between these two different epistemic practices that are philosophy and computer science? The pragmatic philosophy of science invites us to see a scientific project as a model building endeavour. For research projects that include computers, one of these models will be conceptual. This will allow philosophy to (...) play a fruitful role in relation to formal, computational, and technological models. This hypothesis is explored in computer-aided text analysis (CARAT) reading projects that are applied to texts of highly theoretical levels such as philosophical texts. (shrink)

This article reconsiders some of the arguments that I made in my two phenomenology-inspired books on what I have called the “filmic identification” in the cinema: Les structures de l’expérience filmique and Essai sur l’image et la communication. While the former has received some attention in film studies via Vivian Sobchack’s mediating work in her influential essay “Toward a Phenomenology of Nonfictional Film Experience”, the latter is little known in film studies and phenomenological circles. The two guest editors have therefore (...) asked me to introduce and update my former position and place it in the intellectual climate of French-speaking film studies from the 1950s to the 1980s—that is, from the filmology movement to the dominance of semiology and psychoanalysis. (shrink)

Résumé Dans cet article, nous discuterons de l’intégration du numérique à la sémiotique et proposerons qu’une modélisation conceptuelle puisse offrir un pont de dialogue entre ces deux domaines classiquement cloisonnés. Plus précisément, nous avancerons l’hypothèse que tout projet de recherche qui en appellera à l’informatique soit une démarche scientifique que s’il construit une théorie qui contient, en plus des modèles classiques que sont les modèles formel, computationnel et physique, un modèle conceptuel. Ce lieu, où les chercheur-es conceptualisent les multiples dimensions (...) de leur objet de recherche, sera alors défini en tant que socle d’une relation solide entre la sémiotique et l’informatique. Nous verrons que les différentes définitions du modèle conceptuel convergent vers la thèse soutenant que la connaissance scientifique met en œuvre une instance de conceptualisation qui doit identifier les diverses dimensions du problème en plus de devoir s’exprimer de manière à ce qu’elle soit communicable entre les membres des communautés épistémiques. Nous verrons, enfin, qu’un projet de recherché sémiotique exige la construction d’un tel modèle afin de décrire, généraliser et sélectionner des problèmes et que ce même modèle, conceptuel, sera aussi nécessaire si le ou la sémioticien-ne utilise l’informatique dans le cadre de sa recherche.fr. (shrink)

L'un des objectifs souvent visé par les théories esthétiques contemporaines est la compréhension de ce produit particulier de l'artiste peintre qu'est un tableau. Et, dans la recherche d'une telle compréhension, plusieurs types d'entreprises tant descriptives qu'explicatives ont déployé une diversité impressionnante de concepts et de méthodes.

We investigate whether the display of portfolio performance as coming from one large portfolio or two smaller subportfolios matters to individuals and whether prospect theory can explain this preference. To this end, we run a large survey experiment of 3267 individuals in 5 European countries presenting an identical overall return as coming from one portfolio or two smaller subportfolios to individuals. We also elicited the coefficients of the prospect theory value function through price list lotteries. In losses, following prospect theory (...) and mental accounting predictions, we observe emprically a preference for the display of returns as coming from 2 subportfolios, one displaying a small gain and the other a large loss, over a unique portfolio displaying the aggregated resulting loss. As expected, for an overall gain, individuals favor one portfolio over two subportfolios, one displaying a small loss and the other a larger gain. The shape of the value function does not explain individuals’ preferences. The reference point seems to be the main factor involved in explaining individuals’ choice of two subportfolio presentations of the outcome. (shrink)

In this influential study of central issues in the philosophy of science, Paul Horwich elaborates on an important conception of probability, diagnosing the failure of previous attempts to resolve these issues as stemming from a too-rigid conception of belief. Adopting a Bayesian strategy, he argues for a probabilistic approach, yielding a more complete understanding of the characteristics of scientific reasoning and methodology. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Colin Howson, illuminating (...) its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, this engaging work has been revived for a new generation of readers. (shrink)

After centuries of neglect, the ethics of food are back with a vengeance. Justice for food workers and small farmers has joined the rising tide of concern over the impact of industrial agriculture on food animals and the broader environment, all while a global epidemic of obesity-related diseases threatens to overwhelm modern health systems. An emerging worldwide social movement has turned to local and organic foods, and struggles to exploit widespread concern over the next wave of genetic engineering or nanotechnologies (...) applied to food. Paul B. Thompson's book applies the rigor of philosophy to key topics in the first comprehensive study explore interconnections hidden deep within this welter of issues. Bringing to bear more than thirty years of experience working closely with farmers, agricultural researchers and food system activists, he explores the eclipse of food ethics during the rise of nutritional science, and examines the reasons for its sudden re-emergence in the era of diet-based disease. Thompson discusses social injustice in the food systems of developed economies and shows how we have missed the key insights for understanding food ethics in the developing world. His discussions of animal production and the environmental impact of agriculture break new ground where most philosophers would least expect it. By emphasizing the integration of these issues, Thompson not only brings a comprehensive philosophical approach to moral issues in the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of food -- he introduces a fresh way to think about practical ethics that will have implications in other areas of applied philosophy. (shrink)